• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-109
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• 1999

This study aims to reflect the basic principles and teaching-teaming principles of Realistic Mathematics Education in order to suppose an way in which mathematics as an activity is carried out in primary school. The development of what is known as RME started almost thirty years ago. It is founded by Freudenthal and his colleagues at the former IOWO. Freudenthal stressed the idea of matheamatics as a human activity. According to him, the key principles of RME are as follows: guided reinvention and progressive mathematisation, level theory, and didactical phenomenology. This means that children have guided opportunities to reinvent mathematics by doing it and so the focal point should not be on mathematics as a closed system but on the process of mathematisation. There are different levels in learning process. One should let children make the transition from one level to the next level in the progress of mathematisation in realistic contexts. Here, contexts means that domain of reality, which in some particular learning process is disclosed to the learner in order to be mathematised. And the word of 'realistic' is related not just with the real world, but is related to the emphasis that RME puts on offering the students problem situations which they can imagine. Under the background of these principles, RME supposes the following five instruction principles: phenomenological exploration, bridging by vertical instruments, pupils' own constructions and productions, interactivity, and interwining of learning strands. In order to reflect how to realize these principles in practice, the teaming process of algorithms is illustrated. In this process, children follow a learning route that takes its inspiration from the history of mathematics or from their own informal knowledge and strategies. Considering long division, the first levee is associated with real-life activities such as sharing sweets among children. Here, children use their own strategies to solve context problems. The second level is entered when the same sweet problems is presented and a model of the situation is created. Then it is focused on finding shortcomings. Finally, the schema of division becomes a subject of investigation. Comparing realistic mathematics education with constructivistic mathematics education, there interaction, reflective thinking, conflict situation are many similarities but there are alsodifferences. They share the characteristics such as mathematics as a human activity, active learner, etc. But in RME, it is focused on the delicate balance between the spontaneity of children and the authority of teachers, and the development of long-term loaming process which is structured but flexible. In this respect two forms of mathematics education are different. Here, we learn how to develop mathematics curriculum that respects the theory of children on reality and at the same time the theory of mathematics experts. In order to connect the informal mathematics of children and formal mathematics, we need more teachers as researchers and more researchers as observers who try to find the mathematical informal notions of children and anticipate routes of children's learning through thought-experiment continuously.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2003

Recent studies indicated that cancer cells become resistant to ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy drugs by enhanced DNA repair of the lesions. Therefore, it is expected to increase the killing of cancer cells and reduce drug resistance by inhibiting DNA repair pathways that tumor cells rely on to escape chemotherapy. There are a number of key human DNA repair pathways which depend on multimeric polypeptide activities. For example, Ku heterodimer regulatory DNA binding subunits (Ku70/Ku80) on binding to double strand DNA breaks (DSBs) are able to interact with 470-kDa DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), and are essential for DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity. It has been known that DNA-PK is an important factor for DNA repair and also is a sensor-transmitting damage signal to downstream targets, leading to cell cycles arrest. Our ultimate goal is to develop a treatment of breast tumors by targeting proteins involved in damage-signaling pathway and/or DNA repair. This would greatly facilitate tumor cell cytotoxic activity and programmed cell death through DNA damaging drug treatment. Therefore, we designed a domain of Ku80 mutants that binds to Ku70 but not DNA end binding activity and used the peptide in co-therapy strategy to see whether the targeted inhibition of DNA-PK activity sensitized breast cancer cells to irradiation or chemotherapy drug. We observed that the synthesized peptide (HNI-38) prevented DNA-PKcs from binding to Ku70/Ku80, thus resulting in inactivation of DNA-PK activity. Consequently, the peptide treated cells exhibited poor to no DNA repair, and became highly sensitive to IR or chemotherapy drugs, and the growth of breast cancer cells was inhibited. Additionally, the results obtained in the present study also support the physiological role of resistance of cancer cells to IR or chemotherapy.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.718-729
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• 2006

There has been increasing interest in automatic term recognition (ATR), which recognizes technical terms for given domain specific texts. ATR is composed of 'term extraction', which extracts candidates of technical terms and 'term selection' which decides whether terms in a term list derived from 'term extraction' are technical terms or not. 'term selection' is a process to rank a term list depending on features of technical term and to find the boundary between technical term and general term. The previous works just use statistical features of terms for 'term selection'. However, there are limitations on effectively selecting technical terms among a term list using the statistical feature. The objective of this paper is to find effective features for 'term selection' by considering various aspects of technical terms. In order to solve the ranking problem, we derive various features of technical terms and combine the features using machine-learning algorithms. For solving the boundary finding problem, we define it as a binary classification problem which classifies a term in a term list into technical term and general term. Experiments show that our method records 78-86% precision and 87%-90% recall in boundary finding, and 89%-92% 11-point precision in ranking. Moreover, our method shows higher performance than the previous work's about 26% in maximum.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.393-406
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• 2014

Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) is intrinsically domain/topic-specific knowledge for teachers' expertise. On the basis of this idea about PCK, we investigated in-service science teachers' topic-specific PCK on the unit of stars and universe in terms of teachers' knowledge and practices. We observed four middle school science teachers' classes for eighth graders, and took the videos of the classes. The topics of the classes covered constellation, annual parallax and the distance of stars, and the expansion of the universe. We also examined the teachers' pedagogical thinking through video stimulated recall interviews. In addition, we developed a protocol to analyze the levels of participant teachers' PCK and the characteristics revealed in their classes on each topic. Results of the study showed that the participant teachers' level of PCK varied across the topics of classes and the sub-components of PCK. We also identified teaching orientations played key roles in shaping overall characteristics of their PCK. Moreover, astronomical thinking such as spatial thinking and system thinking, was not appropriately embedded as the specific practices into the astronomical concepts in their instructions. We discussed the implications on the progressions of teachers' PCK in terms of their professional development.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2008

The research and development in soundproof materials for preventing noise have attracted great attention due to their social impact. Noise insulation materials are especially important in the field of soundproofing. Since the insulation ability of most materials follows a mass rule, the heavy weight materials like concrete, lead and steel board are mainly used in the current noise insulation materials. To overcome some weak points in these materials, fiber reinforced composite materials with lightweight and other high performance characteristics are now being used. In this paper, innovative insulation sheet materials with carbon and/or glass fabrics and nano-silica hybrid PU resin are developed. The parameters related to sound performance, such as materials and fabric texture in base fabric, hybrid method of resin, size of silica particle and so on, are investigated. At the same time, the wave analysis code (PZFlex) is used to simulate some of experimental results. As a result, it is found that both bundle density and fabric texture in the base fabrics play an important role on the soundproof performance. Compared with the effect of base fabrics, the transmission loss in sheet materials increased more than 10 dB even though the thickness of the sample was only about 0.7 mm. The results show different values of transmission loss factor when the diameters of silica particles in coating materials changed. It is understood that the effect of the soundproof performance is different due to the change of hybrid method and the size of silica particles. Fillers occupying appropriate positions and with optimum size may achieve a better effect in soundproof performance. The effect of the particle content on the soundproof performance is confirmed, but there is a limit for the addition of the fillers. The optimization of silica content for the improvement of the sound insulation effect is important. It is observed that nano-particles will have better effect on the high soundproof performance. The sound insulation effect has been understood through a comparison between the experimental and analytical results. It is confirmed that the time-domain finite wave analysis (PZFlex) is effective for the prediction and design of soundproof performance materials. Both experimental and analytical results indicate that the developed materials have advantages in lightweight, flexibility, other mechanical properties and excellent soundproof performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 2018

South Korea has been reluctant to open its geospatial information overseas to ensure security as a divided country. However, this cannot continue as the domestic and international environments related to geospatial information and the industrial ecosystem of information and communication technologies have been changing dramatically. Within this context, this study aims to analyze the causal relations among relevant variables and how they change and interact with time using a systems thinking process. First, causal maps were created for the domains of national security, map-based convergence service, and corporate competition. Then, the causal maps for each domain were integrated, based on which the points for policy intervention and dominant feedback loops were identified. The analysis results showed that securing the self-sufficiency of domestic geospatial businesses is a key element to determine the whole causal map, and the variable that changes the dominant feedback loop from a vicious circle to a virtuous one is the decision to open geospatial information overseas. In this study, I found the policy leverage that is a policy intervention point that can produce a great effect with little input by building a causal map of the interactions between major variables. This study is significant in that it identified and analyzed the dominant feedback loop as to which causal structure would dominate the system in the long term. The results of this study can be used to discuss not only the impacts of map data overseas opening on the national security and geospatial information industry, but also the interactions in the future when Google or other global companies request to release the geospatial information.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.17D no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2010

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a development paradigm for reusing services as an independent reuse unit. A service delivers a cohesive functionality through its external interface. Since services have unique characteristics which are not typically presented in conventional development approaches, there is a demand for effective approaches to developing services. Most of the current SOA methodologies presenta process where services are designed and developed from the requirements rather than reusing existing assets, which demands high cost and effort. Hence, a desirable approach is to be able to develop services by migrating from their existing legacy systems such as object-oriented system. A difficulty in this migration is that objects in object-oriented systems reveal characteristics which differ considerably from those of services. That is, objects are designed without considering commonalities among several consumers. In this paper, we first define mapping relationships between key artifacts in object-oriented system and those in SOA services. By these relationships and considering commonalities among several applications in a domain, we propose three systematic methods to migrate from object-oriented system to SOA services. Each method consists of a list of input and output artifacts and detailed guidelines which are performed in order. Through these methods, service developers can easily develop services with less effort.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.10D no.2
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• pp.247-260
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• 2003

To share and standardize information, especially in the database environments, MDR (Metadata Registry) can be used to integrate various heterogeneous databases within a particular domain. But due to the discrepancies of data element representation between organizations, global information integration is not so easy. And users who are searching integrated information on the Web have limitation to obtain schema information for the underlying source databases. To solve those problems, in this paper, we present a 3-layered Information Integration System (LI2S) based on MDRs and Ontology. The purpose of proposed architecture is to define information integration model, which combine both of the nature of MDRs standard specification and functionality of ontology for the concept and relation. Adopting agent technology to the proposed model plays a key role to support the hierarchical and independent information integration architecture. Ontology is used as for a role of semantic network from which it extracts concept from the user query and the establishment of relationship between MDRs for the data element. (MDR and Knowledge Base are used as for the solution of discrepancies of data element representation between MDRs. Based on this architectural concept, LI2S was designed and implemented.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.79-102
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop curriculum framework for entrepreneurship development for adolescents. In order to achieve this goal, we studied and developed entrepreneurship semantics, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship education contents. This study was developed through Delphi survey. The results of this study were as follows. First, the meaning of entrepreneurship is Innovative mind-set to create true value by experience into life in order to pursue 'self full-filling life' as the organizer of life. Second, the nature of entrepreneurship education for youth is that entrepreneurship education aims to find and solve new problems through self-management to young people who will lead the future, and to create dynamic challenges and creative changes to create innovative values. Leadership skills, challenging spirit, and ability to solve practical problems'. Third, we developed a general goal for youth and elementary, middle and high school goal for entrepreneurship education. Fourth, as a domain of entrepreneurship education, we have developed 'core discovery', 'entrepreneurial skills', 'becoming an entrepreneur' and developed key themes. Based on the results of this study, we developed a systematic entrepreneurship education linkage and educational condition creation for young people outside schools; entrepreneurship program application and educational condition development according to the operation of the free-learning semester system; the strengthening of business start-up support for youth in late adolescence, the establishment of measures to utilize related institutions in local communities and others.

• 재활복지
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.165-186
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is intended to analysis on students adjustment of students with disabilities in a special class of the elementary school focused on KCI journals through a systematic review. This study was searched from papers published from Jan, 2004 to May, 2014 using KISS, DBPIA, RISS, Google databases. The key words were "inclusive education, special class, inclusive class, student with disabilities, school adjustment, school life, school adjustment scale, elementary school". Results of data analysis were follows; 1. A total of 35 papers were analyzed. Except for 6 papers published in 2004~2007, 29 papers were published after 2008.; 2. The participant of study subject was total 141. Students with intellectual disability were 61.7%. Students with learning disabilities were 17.0%.; 3. The assessment domain of study was analyzed total 51 data.; academic achievement and task performance (25.4%), class attitude and participatory behavior(23.5%), problem behavior(21.5%). The Study in student with intellectual disability was 10 assessment domains.; 4. The method of assessment was total 41.; the use of operational definition(56.1%), the development of test (17.1%), and the use of assessment tool(14.6%).