• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.572-578
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• 2014

Heating energy was measured in an apartment housing unit with a district heating system, varying the kind of hot water distributors. Ondol coils passing through a living room raised the temperature of the room where the heating was turned off. Including this characteristic of Ondol heating into the modeling, we performed simulations and showed a verification by comparison with the results of measurements. As a result, a main flow control method, which changes hot water flow rate supplied to a housing unit according to the thermal load, can reduce the supplied flow rate and lower the return temperature, compared with a constant flow method. That can result in decreased heat loss in utility-pipe conduits even though the heating energy supplied is almost the same. An outdoor reset control that raises the temperature of the supplied hot water if the outdoor temperature falls has the effect of a quicker response in heating than the reduced flow rate and return temperature.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is to analyze the characteristics of energy usage in apartment houses that had built for 20 years recently in capital area and the correlation between the characteristics of energy usage and the regulation of energy efficiency in building. Method: It is investigated 264 apartment sites having been built since 1991 where 312,071 houses live. The sites were listed on Naver map. Quantities of energy usages in the sites were searched in a portal, Green Together being operated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The appraisal report of building energy in the portal is recording usage quantity of gas energy, district cooling & heating energy, electric energy, total energy, 1st gas energy, 1st district cooling & heating energy, 1st electric energy, 1st total energy, etc. Result: Analyzing the average of total energy usage from 1991 to 2012, the average in 2001, 2008 each was reduced more than 10 percent compared to the previous year. It was analyzed that the reduction was relevant to building energy-saving design criterion which have been tightened more than before.

• 에너지공학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

우리나라 집단에너지 사업의 주요축인 지역난방 시스템은 경제성 있는 열에너지 공급시스템으로 국민편익과 안전에 많은 기여를 해 왔다. 하지만 관리주체의 불명확함, 전문기술인력 부족 등으로 인해 공동주택 수용가측의 열효율저하, 요금 불공정등의 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 관리사각지대인 지역난방 수용가측 설비의 효율 및 고장관리를 위해 필요한 모니터링 포인트를 제안하고, 이를 표준화 하기 위한 표준참조모델을 제안한다. 또한 IoT 센서 기술을 적용하여 실시간 모니터링 및 통합관리 시스템을 구축함으로써, 지역난방 수용가시설에 대한 서비스 질 개선과 에너지 효율향상을 위한 기술적 방법론을 제안한다.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2008년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.147-154
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• 2008

A simulation program is developed for the optimal design of small scale district heating and cooling system. Main features for the simulation program are the reliability and the easiness for the optimal design of the DHC(District Heating and Cooling) systems. In order for implementing those features, the operational characteristics according to the prime movers is modeled based on the materials of efficiency as a function of operational load. The unit energy load model is also developed extensively for several building types, of which the corresponding district consist, such as apartment complex, hotel, hospital, buildings for business and commercial use respectively. The specific features and the overall procedure of the simulation are described in brief in this paper. The results of the simulation for several test cases will be presented in subsequent study.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.474-480
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• 2014

This study investigated the total energy consumption and the energy consumption by type of 31 apartment complexes in Daejeon. The energy is supplied to the apartments from district heating, and can be divided into hot water, electricity, and gas. Hot water is used in for space heating and for domestic hot water (DHW), and electricity is used for plugs, cooling, ventilation, and public utilities (street lights, pumps, elevators, etc.). All gas supplied from district heating is used for cooking. As a result, the consumption unit of each energy source of independent dwelling areas was calculated to be $103.7kWh/m^2{\cdot}a$ ($15,692kWh/H{\cdot}a$) for thermal energy, $48.0kWh/m^2{\cdot}a$ ($4,646kWh/H{\cdot}a$) for electricity, and $10.5kWh/m^2a$ ($1,015kWh/H{\cdot}a$) for gas, so the entire consumption was calculated to be $162.3kWh/m^2{\cdot}a$ ($15,692kWh/H{\cdot}a$).

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.334-341
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• 2011

In the present study, optimal heat supply algorithm which minimize the heat loss through the distribution pipe line in group energy apartment was developed. Variation of heating load of group energy apartment building in accord with the outdoor air temperature was predicted by the heating load-outdoor temperature correlation. Supply water temperature and mass flow rate were controlled to minimize the heat loss through distribution pipe line. District heating apartment building located in Hwaseong city, which has 1,473 households, was selected as the object building for testing the present heat supply a1gorithm. Compared to the previous heat supply system, 10.4% heat loss reduction can be accomplished by employing the present method.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.167-187
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a scheme for standardization of the apartment management expenses levy focused on the apartments of the local heating system in Busan. The researcher with apartment managers and executive secretaries of Busan Citizen’s Coalition for Economic Justice performed a scheme for standardization through discussion of 30 times as well as investigation of theoretical literature. This scheme for standardization was based on the Act for Community of Dwelling Houses. It is to show the scheme for standardization of apartment management expenses levy all-inclusive.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2010

The maintenance cost plays a important role to plan the scale of the apartment housing such as a number of household, building area and building type. Therefore, it is required to forecast the cost considering various maintenance characteristics. The maintenance characteristics are floor area, number of household, heating type, site area and etc.. In addition, the maintenance cost are classified into 5 area. These are a personal expense, facility maintenance cost, energy and water cost, insurance and sanitary cost. These five cost area are related with various characteristics and brought up the estimation model using the stepwise multiple regression analysis. The energy and heating cost share over the 50% in the total cost and the personal expense cost shares about 40%. The personal expense cost per area is 5,272 won/$m^2{\cdot}yr$ irregardless of heating type and the district heating type is a higher cost than other type. In facility maintenance cost, the central heating type is 2,015 won/$m^2{\cdot}yr$ and higher than other type. The estimation models have good statistics in each model. Most of the model have a determination coefficient over 0.7 and Durbin Watson value between 1.5 and 2.5.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2015

Korea district heating systems have mainly used setting temperature control and outdoor reset control. Different from such conventional normal methods, a thermal-load control proposed in Sweden can decrease the return temperature and reduce pump power consumptions because the control is able to provide the appropriate amount of required heat. In this study, further improved predictive optimal control in addition to the conventional controls were simulated in order to verify its effect in district heating system using TRNSYS 17. $200m^2$ apartment housing which accounts for 25% in Korea and is used as a calculation model;. the number of households in the simulation was 9. As a result, a higher temperature difference and decreasing flow rate at primary loop were shown when using thermal-load control.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.803-809
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• 2012

지역난방 시스템의 최적 스케쥴 제어를 위해서는 난방부하 예측이 필요하다. 공동주택의 난방부하는 복잡한 변수들의 영향을 받기 때문에 손쉬운 난방부하 예측을 위해 사용하기 쉬우며 효용성 있는 예측방법의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 익일의 시간별 난방부하를 예측하기 위해 단순화된 외기조건 예측방법과 부하 예측방법을 제안하였다. 난방부하 예측을 위해 건물설계서에서 쉽게 얻을 수 있는 간단한 사양과 예측된 온습도가 사용되었다. 제안된 방법의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 지역난방 시스템으로부터 시간별로 실측된 난방부하와 예측된 결과를 비교하였다. 예측된 외기조건은 실측된 값과 비교하여 변화양상이 잘 일치하였다. 예측된 난방부하와 측정된 난방부하를 비교한 결과, 시간별, 일별, 월별 모두 예측과 실측이 비교적 잘 일치하였으며, 난방기간 동안 월별 부하의 평균 오차는 약 4.68%로 비교적 작은 값을 가졌다.