• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2006

Purpose : This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of brain tumors in children according to their location, the parental delay and the doctor's delay between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of a pediatric brain tumor. In addition, this study compared the relationship between the pre-diagnostic symptomatic interval and the tumor location. Methods : A retrospective study was undertaken of 45 children with primary brain tumors admitted to Inha Hospital from July, 1986 to June, 2004. A diagnosis of the tumor location was made using brain MRI. Results : The male to female ratio was 1 : 0.67. The median age at diagnosis was 6.0 years in supratentorial tumors, 7.0 years in infratentorial tumors. Twenty four cases(53.3 percent) were located in the supratentorial area, 21 cases(46.6 percent) were located in the infratentorial area. The distribution of supratentorial tumors were 14(58.3 percent) in the cerebral hemisphere and temporal lobe, seven (29.1 percent) in the suprasellar area, and three(12.5 percent) in the pineal gland and posterial lateral ventricle. The distributions of the infratentorial tumors were 12(57.1 percent) in the cerebellar vermis and fourth ventricle, four(19.1 percent) in the brain stem, and five(23.8 percent) in the cerebellar hemisphere. The most common initial symptom was seizure(37.5 percent) in the supratentorial tumor and headache(38.0 percent) in infratentorial tumors. The median pre-diagnostic symptomatic interval (PSI) was 21 days(range 0-240 days). The median PSI with a parental delay in supratentorial tumor was six days(range 1-240 days), and 30 days(range 1-40 days) in the infratentorial tumor. We immediately diagnosed most cases after visiting the hospital. There was no significant relationship between the tumor location and the pre-diagnostic symptomatic interval. Conclusion : The most common symptom of supratentorial tumors and infratentorial tumors was seizure and headache, respectively. Although, the median pre-diagnostic symptomatic interval was shorter than in previous studies, a detailed medical history and a correctly interpreted neurological examination should lead to an earlier diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.424-430
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• 2006

Purpose : Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis(JRA) is one of the most common rheumatic diseases of childhood and is an important cause of short- and long-term disability. The purpose of this study was to determine the disease course and outcome in childhood patients with JRA. Methods : Fifty nine patients with JRA who were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center from August 1990 to November 2004 were enrolled in this study. Sex, age, type, affected joints, extra-articular manifestations, laboratory and radiologic findings, treatments, and outcomes of JRA patients were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Among JRA patients, 32.2 percent had pauciarticular type, 30.5 percent had polyarticular type and 37.3 percent had systemic type. The ratio of boys to girls was 1.7 : 1 and the mean age at onset was $9.3{\pm}3.7$(1.3-15.9) years. The most commonly affected joints were knee, ankle and wrist. The extra-articular manifestations observed were fever, rash, myalgia and lymph node enlargement, etc. The main laboratory findings observed were leukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytosis, elevated ESR, and elevated CRP. Rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody(ANA) were positive in 5.3 percent and 18.0 percent. Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID) were used most frequently and methotrexate with or without steroids was added in 27.1 percent of patients unresponsive to NSAID. 88.1 percent of patients were cured without functional disability and only one patient was in functional status IV. One patient, who had pulmonary involvement, died. Conclusion : Our results showed an even distribution in type of onset, male predominance, older age of onset, low incidence of iridocyclitis, and low positivity of ANA in JRA patients; this differs from occidental data. This study may suggest regional differences and variability in disease groups of JRA among different racies, but further multi-center trials and large scale epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our conclusion.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2006

Purpose : In order to evaluate the time of disappearance of cytomegalovirus(CMV) IgG antibodies from mothers, and the alteration of the positive rate of CMV IgG antibodies among preschool period children, we investigated the positive rate of CMV antibodies among preschool children. Methods : We studied 391 children who visited the Department of Pediatrics from March, 2001 to February, 2004. We measured the serum CMV IgG of 217 children and the serum CMV IgM of 358 children. Results : The positive rate of CMV IgG antibodies is 83.9 percent(the number of positive IgG children is 182 out of 217). The alteration of the positive rate is 92.9 percent in 0-3 months, 75.0 percent in 4-6 months and the nadir was 20.0 percent in 7-9 months. Then, the positive rate increased to 83.9 percent in 22-24 months. After 22 months, the positive rate was 92.1 percent(the number of positive IgG children was 105 out of 114). The positive rate of CMV IgM antibody by age is 3.3 percent in 0-1 months, 3.6 percent in 1-2 months, 10.5 percent in 2-3 months, 14.3 percent in 3-4 months, 14.3 percent in 4-5 months, and then the results of five children among 148 children were positive. The distribution was one in 22-23 months, one in 25-26 months, one in 27-28 months, one in 28-29 months, one in 40-41 months. We discovered IgM positive children succesively from birth to 5 months, but sporadically after 5 months. Conclusion : The CMV IgG from mothers has decreased since birth and the time of nadir is 7-9 months. But it increases to a mean value of 83.9 percent at 22-24 months because of perinatal or postnatal infections.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1121-1125
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• 2005

Purpose : Rotavirus is the main cause of infantile diarrheal disease worldwide, especially in patients 3-24 months of age. Infants younger than 3 months of age are relatively protected by transplacental antibody. So the purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical features and severity of neonatal rotaviral gastroenteritis less than 1 month of age. Methods : A retrospective chart review was established of 62 neonates less than 1 month of age and with a diagnosis of rotaviral gastroenteritis who had been admitted to Pochon CHA University between June 2002 through July 2004. The rotavirus was examined by stool latex agglutination. Results : During 2 years, the total number of admitted patients for rotaviral gastroenteritis was 688 and among these, less than 1 month of age accounted for 9%(62). The occurrence was generally even distribution from January to July($7.14{\pm}1.0$) but since then decreased($2.4{\pm}1.8$). The most common chief complaint was mild fever(46%) when admitted which subsided within 1 hospital day in most patients. 4 patients had seizure and cyanosis with no typical symptoms of rotaviral gastroenteritis. During admission, all the patients had diarrhea. 17% of the patients had leukocytosis and positive C-reactive protein. In one patient, stool occult blood test was positive but there was no necrotizing gastroenteritis evidence. The mean period of hospital day was $5.8{\pm}2.5$ and breast-milk feeding was 62.9%. Conclusion : Neonatal rotaviral gastroenteritis is not a rare disease. Most patients have fever and diarrhea and improve through conservative therapy but a few patients may have severe complications so we must be more cautious about the hygiene for prevention.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

Spatial variation in the reproductive effort of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is often closely associated with variation in the seawater temperature and food availability, which determines gonad maturity and the quantity of gamates produced during spawning. Previous studies also have reported that severe infection by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni exerts a negative impact on clam reproduction, retarding gonad maturation or decreasing the reproductive effort. In the present study, we investigated impacts of P. olseni infection on the reproductive condition of Manila clam during a spawning season. Histology revealed that 54% of female clams in Wando off the south coast were in spawning, while only 10% of the female from Gomso and 0% of the female from Seonjaedo in Gyeonggi bay off the west coast were engaged in spawning at the end of May in 2004. Ray's fluid thioglycollate media (RFTM) assay was applied to assess P. olseni infection and indicated that the infection intensity in Wando ($3,608,000{\pm}258,000cells/g$ wet tissue) was significantly higher than the levels in Gomso ($1,305,000{\pm}106,000cells/g$ wet tissue) and Seonjaedo ($1,083,000{\pm}137,000cells/g$ wet tissue, p < 0.001). The size of the ripe female follicle determined from histology was significantly smaller in Wando ($0.032mm^2$) compared to the sizes in Gomso ($0.059mm^2$) and Seonjaedo ($0.052mm^2$, p < 0.05). Accordingly, the number of ripe eggs in the follicle was significantly fewer among clams in Wando (14) compared to the numbers determined in Gomso (23) and Seonjaedo (22). The absolute quantity of egg in ripe clams from Wando (31.01 mg) was also significantly smaller than Seonjaedo (61.79 mg) and Gomso (133.3 mg). Quantity of total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in the tissue in the Wando samples was significantly smaller than the quantities determined in Gomso and Seonjaedo (p < 0.001). The observed poor reproductive condition and proximate tissue composition of the females in Wando were, in part, explained by the extremely high level of the parasites, sapping the ability to store energy in the host tissues, which is used in tissue growth and the egg production.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.858-864
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• 2003

Purpose : There was a outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Busan, 2002. We report the clinical features and causative viruses. Methods : Two hundred seventy six children with aseptic meningitis who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Maryknoll Hospital between January and December, 2002 were included. CSF, stool and throat swab viral cultures were done in 244 of these children. Results : The male to female ratio was 1.4 : 1. Age of patients varied from five months to fourteen years old. Average age was $5.7{\pm}6.2years$ old and mostly between one and four years.(41.3%) Monthly distribution revealed that the number of patients increased from May to July. The main symptoms were fever, headache and vomiting in this order. Respiratory tract infection symptom was associated from June to July and headache and nausea without fever were characteristically observed in children more than 10 years old from November to December. In peripheral blood examination, leukocytosis(WBC>$10,000/mm^3$) showed in 34.8%, ESR was increased in 56.1%, and CRP was positive value in 61%. Therefore differential diagnosis was difficult through peripheral blood examination. CSF findings revealed mean leukocyte count $86.5{\pm}180.2/mm^3$, protein $41.7{\pm}32.9mg/dL$, glucose $56.4{\pm}9.9mg/dL$. Median hospitalized period was $4.7{\pm}7.2days$ and compared with non-tapping group, hospitalized period was shorter and subsidance of symptoms was faster, therefore antibiotics injection period was shorter in the spinal tapping group. Virus was isolated in 31 cases of 244. The causative agents were echovirus 6, echovirus 9, echovirus 25, coxsakie virus B3, B4. Conclusion : There was an epidemics of aseptic meningitis in Busan, 2002; the causative agent was echovirus 6, 9, 25, coxsakie virus B3, B4.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.326-334
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• 2003

Purpose : The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of obesity in adolescents; to study the association between obesity, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia; and to evaluate the superiority of waist circumference to waist/hip ratio(WHR) in central obesity. Methods : We selected 1382 adolescents(M : F=690 : 692) aged from 11 to 18 years(mean age; boys 15.0, girls 15.4) in Incheon. We measured weight, height, waist, waist/hip ratio, and blood pressure, with blood sampling to evaluate the dyslipidemia. Results : The prevalence of obesity was 6.7% in boys and 6.9% in girls by body mass index(BMI). The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 15.7% in normal group, 32.4% in the overweight group, and 35.4% in the obese group by BMI. The prevalence of diastolic hypertension was 4.9% in the normal group, 6.9% in the overweight group, and 14.6% the in obese group. In boys and girls, BMI, waist circumference, and WHR were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. respectively. In boys, triglyceride was positively correlated with waist circumference(r=0.34, P<0.05). In boys and girls, BMI was highly correlated with obesity index(r=0.98, each), with waist circumference(r=0.89, r=0.82, respectively), and with body fat(r=0.85, r=0.89) respectively. Conclusion : These data suggest the importance of the screening of blood pressure in obese adolescents, with prevention and intervention of obesity since it may be the most cost-effective way of reducing the complications related with obesity.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.9
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• pp.1-9
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• 1991

Bulbs of two introduced garlic cultivars, Sanghae-joseng and Spain strain, were purchased in a market and anatomical characteristics of them were investigated according to the weight of individual bulbs. The materials used were planted and grown in the field. Bulbs harvested were classified according to weight and their anatomical characteristics were recorded. 1. In both cultivars the larger the bulb, the more flat the bulb shape. 2. The bigger the bulbs were, the larger the number of cloves per bulb was, Spain strain had more cloves per bulb than Sanghae-joseng in the same size bulbs. 3. In Sanghae-joseng, more cloves were formed in outer layer than in inner layer in the bulbs produced in 1990. But more cloves were formed in inner layer in the bulbs of 35 g or smaller produced in 1991. In Spain strain, more cloves were formed in inner layer in the bulbs of 40 g or more produced in 1990. But more cloves were formed in outer layer in the bulbs produced in 1991 regardless of bulb size. In both cultivars, the number of primary cloves and total number of cloves was very small in both cultivars, but it was a little bigger in Sanghae-joseng than in spain strain. 5. In the bulbs produced in both 1990 and 1991 of Spain strain and in bulbs produced in 1990 of Sanghae-joseng weight of cloves in outer layer was significantly heavier than that in outer layer, the trend was not conspicuous in 1991 produce of Sanghae-joseng. 6. In both cultivars clove size range was narrow in small bulbs and wide in large bulbs. In distribution of cloves in size, medium ones were most frequent, and the frequency of large cloves increased with increased size of bulbs. Sanghae-joseng produced larger cloves than Spain strain in the same size cloves.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.148-161
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) of dentin bonding systems. Dentin collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activities can be suppressed by protease inhibitors, indicating that MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases) inhibition could be beneficial in the preservation of hybrid layers. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is known as an inhibitor of MMPs activity in vitro. The experiment was proceeded as follows: At first, flat occlusal surfaces were prepared on mid-coronal dentin of extracted third molars. GI (Glass Ionomer) group was treated with dentin conditioner, and then, applied with 2 % CHX. Both SM (Scotchbond Multipurpose) and SB (Single Bond) group were applied with CHX after acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid. TS (Clearfil Tri-S) group was applied with CHX, and then, with adhesives. Hybrid composite Z-250 and resin-modified glass ionomer Fuji-II LC was built up on experimental dentin surfaces. Half of them were subjected to 10,000 thermocycle, while the others were tested immediately. With the resulting data, statistically two-way ANOVA was performed to assess the ${\mu}TBS$ before and after thermo cycling and the effect of CHX. All statistical tests were carried out at the 95 % level of confidence. The failure mode of the testing samples was observed under a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Within limited results, the results of this study were as follows; 1. In all experimental groups applied with 2 % chlorhexidine, the microtensile bond strength increased, and thermo cycling decreased the micro tensile bond strength (P > 0.05). 2. Compared to the thermocycling groups without chlorhexidine, those with both thermocycling and chlorhexidine showed higher microtensile bond strength, and there was significant difference especially in GI and TS groups. 3. SEM analysis of failure mode distribution revealed the adhesive failure at hybrid layer in most of the specimen. and the shift of the failure site from bottom to top of the hybrid layer with chlorhexidine groups. 2 % chlorhexidine application after acid-etching proved to preserve the durability of the hybrid layer and microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding systems.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.327-347
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• 2018

From the end of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century, the late 19th century was a genre of a new art that was in contrast to the distribution between social class and low class, and it was also a popular culture that attempted to transform the late Joseon Dynasty's social class. It is no exaggeration to say that it is the origin of the Korean folk art, started as popular art concepts, use colorful techniques and decorations which doesn't yield to ordinary iconography. But, because of the attempt of this technique was used by lower class, the meaning of the idea was lowered from iconography to secular picture. Ethics character picture, passed on to the present from going through the upheaval cultural time, was started from secular picture and transformed into hyukpil time illustration, and it represented popular arts until now. This thesis aims to reflect the meaning, various visual expressions and the lifestyle of Ethics Character Picture of filial piety and brotherly love, which is a unique genre of popular arts. Also, propose to suggest about the kinetic typography using video media, and how the traditional ethics character picture, which are combined with video technology, effects to the advertisements. These kind of attempts will show the world about the korea's traditional contents, and through the various media information it can be recreated as national symbolic key words. Furthermore, its meaningful to pass down the noble and cultural Ethics Character Picture of filial piety and brotherly love to younger generations. And by realigning to modern expression, it is predicted that it will be significantly meaningful to pass down and make the younger generations to understand to spirit of the ancestors. This will allow various attempts to reconstruct various items of contents from Korea's traditional contents to new media content that merged with video media.