• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.20 no.42
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• pp.31-38
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• 1997

The main objective of this research is to develop a model to select the optimal input service level for a distribution center - multi branch inventory distribution system. With the continuous review policy, the distribution center places an order for specific order quantity to an outside supplier, and the order quantity is replenished after a certain lead time. Also, each branch places an order for particular order quantity to the distribution center to satisfy the customer demands, and receives the replenishment after a lead time. When an out of stock condition occurs during an order cycle, a backorder is placed to the upper level to fill the unfilled demands. With these situation, variable demand and variable lead time are used for better industrial practice. Further, actual lead times with a generic lead time distribution are used in developing the control model. Under the actual lead time model, the customer service measures actually attained for the distribution center and each branch are explained as the effective customer service measures. Thus, throughout the optimal control (using computer search procedures), we can select the optimal input service levels for the distribution center and each branch to attain the effective service level for each branch which is consistent with the goal level of service for each branch. At the same time, the entire distribution system keeps minimum inventories.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.37-44
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• 2013

Phase to ground faults are possibly one of the maximum number of faults in power distribution system. During a ground fault the maximum fault current and neutral to ground voltage will appear at the pole nearest to the fault. Distribution lines are consisted of three phase conductors, an overhead ground wire and a multigrounded neutral line. In this paper phase to neutral faults were staged at the specified concrete pole along the distribution line and measured the ground fault current distribution in the ground fault current, three poles nearest to the fault point, overhead ground wire and neutral line. A simplified equivalent circuit model for the distribution system under case study calculated by using MATLAB gives results very close to the ground fault current distribution yielded by field tests.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.5-19
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• 2017

Purpose - This study involves the following questions: "Does internalization theory fully explain reality?" and "Which additional factors may add extra value to the theory?" To answer these, this study divides market entry mode into two steps, initial and subsequent and then, focuses on the subsequent distribution step; that is, the post-entry strategy after initial entry. In addition, this study relies on finding strategic orientations that affect the decision of post-entry into foreign markets. Research design, data, and methodology - To investigate this, this study examines 252 cases of Korean online games for each foreign market and the distribution mode at the product-team level. Results - The result shows that companies use different distribution strategies as a post-entry mode, like licensing, or joint distribution rather than exclusive distribution, through subsidiaries even if they already have wholly owned local subsidiaries which have enough experience and resources to select the entry modes among various types and then provide full commitment and control. Additionally, it finds that strategic orientation affects post-entry strategies differently. Conclusions - Therefore, this study is noteworthy and significant, as it practically extends the existing theories such as an internalization and distribution for decision making regarding the overseas expansion of entertainment businesses.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2007

Super-distribution is essential for revitalization of digital contents industry in DRM system. Since existing DRM systems emphasize on security for intellectual property rights, it became restrictions to content distribution and the consumer rights. This paper suggests license management mechanism which strengthen super-distribution between consumers. It is to manage distribution history for each content by inserting consumer's identification information in content head. Client can verify security by comparing header and license after issuing license. It classifies the type of distribution and license, and then applies adaptive distribution methods. It can revitalize contents distribution by releasing proper license for super-distribution.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.33-39
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines whether product market competition in distribution and service industries is related to audit quality. This paper investigates, specifically, the relationship in distribution and service industries by using Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and audit quality measured by audit fee and audit hour. Research design, data, and methodology - Using 1,011 firm-year observations of listed companies from 2002 to 2016 in distribution and service industries, this study examines whether product market competition in distribution and service industries is related to audit quality. Results - This study finds that market competition in distribution and service industries is negatively related to audit quality and this negative relation is pronounced for the firms with high outside director groups. Further analysis suggests that the relationship between market competition and audit hours is no longer significant. Conclusions - This study extended the existing scope of the audit quality study by systematically analyzing the impact of industrial-level characteristics (i.e. market competition) in the distribution service industries on audit quality. This study, in other words, suggests the regulatory body consider the industrial-level characteristics of each industry in order to enhance audit quality.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.5-13
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• 2020

Purpose: This research investigates the cost behavior of the distribution industry. Specifically, we investigate if the ratio of the increase in costs with an increase in sales is consistent with the ratio of the decrease in costs when sales decrease. Traditionally, cost is assumed to be symmetrical. In the case of the distribution industry, it was expected that the downward rigidity of the cost would be shown because it would be very difficult to decide to adjust resources when sales temporarily decrease. Therefore, studies have looked at Korean capital markets based on manufacturing and steel industries. However, no research has been done on the distribution industry. Research design, data, and methodology: To verify the hypothesis of this study, the asymmetry of cost was measured by Anderson et al. (2003). The sample used 28,695 firm-year data from 2002 to 2019 for the KOSPI and KOSDAQ stock markets. Results: The empirical analysis results are as follows. First, asymmetry of cost was observed in the case of the distribution industry. We confirm cost rigidity when sales decreased. Conclusions. This is the first study to look at cost behavior in the distribution industry, and the downward rigidity of cost in the distribution industry is observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.484-490
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• 1997

Spatial distribution of urination by Japanese Black heifers and steers was investigated, and compared with the distribution of defecation. The animals grazed a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum $Fl\ddot{u}gge$) pasture in the daytime, and spent the rest of the day in a barn. The distribution of urination to the pasture was greater than that expected from the proportion of time that the animals spent in the pasture. Correspondingly, the distribution was smaller in the barn. Such a distribution pattern of urination to the pasture and barn was similar to that of defecation, and affected by the intake of supplement on the previous day. The distribution of urination within the pasture, i.e. the distribution to the paddock, alley and resting area, was often uneven on an area basis. The animals often urinated sparsely in the alley and resting area, while they urinated in the paddock almost proportionally to its area. This was a clear contrast to the distribution pattern of defecation, which was sparse in the paddock and dense in the resting area. The degree of aggregation of urination in the paddock, alley and resting area varied with the meteorological factors and the intake of supplement.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.701-711
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• 2013

This paper takes into account the influence of the different impedances of distribution lines on power distribution among inverters when the inverters are paralleled with the droop control method. The impact of distribution lines on the power distribution of inverters can be divided into two aspects. Firstly, since the distributed generators are in low voltage grids, there is resistive impedance in the distribution lines, which will cause control coupling and reduce system stability. The virtual negative resistive impedance of inverters is adopted in this paper to neutralize the resistive element of distribution lines and thus make the distribution line impedance purely inductive. Secondly, after solving the resistive impedance problem, the difference in the inductive impedance value of distribution lines due to the low density of distributed generators will cause an unequal share of reactive power. With regards to this problem, modification is put forward for the droop control strategy to share the reactive power equally. The feasibility of the design is validated by simulation and experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1056-1064
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• 2000

The aim of this paper was to look at distribution intensity of casual wear brand before and after IMF Management System. It also provides the guide to distribution design and reinforces the strategy of the brand of it. Since the firm especially in casual wear industry recently has had difficulty in how to decide and to select the distribution numbers in the domestic market. Based on the data in‘98 Korea Fashion Guide’and ‘Korean Fashion Brand Annual’, 78 brands had been analyzed with percentage, multiple regression. The results were as follows: In general, the lower the price of the product is and the higher the total sale is, the more intensive the distribution of the casual wear brand is before and after IMF Management System. The longer the launching period is, the more intensive the distribution of the casual wear industry is after IMF Management System. Besides, there is difference between the brand origins in the distribution intensity. In addition, two brand types were classified and tested. The distribution intensity of jean casual wear and uni-sex casual wear have related to the price after IMF and the total sale before and after IMF Management System while there is no relationship with the launching period before and after IMF Management System. The distribution intensity of the domestic brand have related to the price, and the total sale, while the foreign brand has a relationship with the total sale before and after IMF Management System. The foreign brand has related only to launching period after IMF Management System.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper discussed and illustrated the most efficient method to calculate the distribution centers for a national project in China. Through demonstration of implementing the GIS, spatial analysis, and location calculation model, this paper mainly dealt with the construction distribution problem and inconvenient supply of materials problems. Research design, data, and methodology - In this paper, the research design structure based on three steps: implementing the Geographic Information System to locate the points coordination data, calculating the distribution centers of the project, and optimizing the most efficient and effective coordination. The data of the calculation is from an actual project. The methodology of this paper is summarizing the spatial analysis capabilities and digital graphic data calculation to locate logistics distribution centers, and since the illustration of the calculation is useful for locating the coordination, the result of this paper has certain reference values for the project construction. Results - This paper illustrates the steel and cement resource of every distribution point to confirm the most efficient distribution center location coordination. Conclusions - The integrated logistical management models are used to ensure the results for the purposes of our calculation. The result of the calculation is also a useful example for future Chinese national projects.