Kim, Jin-Gook;Oh, Kyoung-Young;Lee, Ug-Yong;Ma, Kyeong-Bok;Hwang, Yong-Soo;Choi, Jong-Myung;Chun, Jong-Pil
Journal of Bio-Environment Control
/
v.20
no.4
/
pp.399-405
/
2011
In this study, we evaluated the fruit quality indices and the incidence of physiological disorders of Korean new pear cultivar 'Whasan' to determine appropriate harvest time for exportation and to enhance storability and shelf-life of the fruits during simulated exportation and extending market environment under different temperature conditions. In the experiment of simulated exportation headed for North America including Canada and U.S.A., the fruits transported at $1^{\circ}C$ showed less weight loss than those of $5^{\circ}C$. Market temperature appeared as a key factor for keeping freshness of exported pear fruits rather than transportation temperature. Quality factors such as high flesh firmness and low incidence of fruit rot and physiological disorders including core breakdown and pithiness were attained at the fruits maintained at $18^{\circ}C$ when we compared with $25^{\circ}C$. The fruits of harvested early maturity at 135 day after full bloom showed 28.6 N of flesh firmness when the fruits stored at $1^{\circ}C$ of transportation and $18^{\circ}C$ of market temperature, while the fruits progressed $5^{\circ}C$ of transportation and $25^{\circ}C$ of market temperature dropped to 24.2 N during 30 days of shelf life. Also, a high incidences of physiological disorders and of fruit decay rates were obvious in the fruits distributed at $25^{\circ}C$ were observed approximately two times higher than the those of $18^{\circ}C$. Therefore, temperature management during marketing resulted as an important point for maintaining fruits quality in the process of pear fruit exportation.
Deutzia paniculata is an endemic species to the Korean Peninsula. Despite of importance for conservation, the population structure and habitat characteristics of D. paniculata have not been determined yet. We analyzed the ecological characteristics of the species based on the literature review and field survey. Field survey was conducted on May to October 2014 during which 11 quadrats of size $15{\times}15m$ were studied in six regions. Each of the quadrats were further divided into $5{\times}5m$ small quadrats and population characteristics were recorded. The population and habitat characteristics were analyzed, including species abundance (density and coverage), demographic attributes (flowering rates and fruiting plants), vegetation (structure, species composition), light availability (transmitted light and canopy openness) and soil characteristics (temperature and humidity). We found that D. paniculata mainly distributed in Gyeongsangdo (including Taebaek in Gangwondo) along a broad elevational range of 290~959 m (mean: 493 m) above sea level. In preferred habitat the species grows within the slope range of $7^{\circ}$ and $35^{\circ}$ with the average of $16^{\circ}$. D. paniculata was generally distributed on talus deposits and low adjacent slopes. The average number of individual plants per small quadrat was 12.5 with the mean density $0.5stems\;m^{-2}$. The vegetative reproduction was frequent in D. paniculata and mean flowering rate was as low as 15%. Altogether 138 taxa were found in whole observation area with the dominant tree species mainly spring ephemerals, such as Cornus controversa (importance value: 25.5%) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (importance value: 15.8%). Although, C. controversa usually grows on steep slopes and F. rhynchophylla mostly distributed at high-altitudes, however, both species distributed in disturbed environments and among talus deposits. Thus based on our results, we concluded that D. paniculata is a disturbance-prone species, primarily existing in habitats subjected to natural disturbances, such as floods. The species occurs less at anthropogenically disturbed sites, thus there is no apparent threat to the populations and habitat of D. paniculata.
Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
/
v.3
no.2
/
pp.39-51
/
2007
Unconsolidated and permeable alluvial deposit composed of sand and gravel is distributed along the fluvial plain at the Iryong study area. Previous studies on the area show that a single alluvial well can produce at least 1,650m3d-1 of bank infilterated shallow groundwater(BIGW) from the deposit. This study is aimed to evaluate and simulate the influence that seasonal variation of water levels and temperatures of the river have an effect on those of BIGW under the pumping condition and also to compare seasonal variation of COPs when indirectly pumped BIGW or directly pumped surface water are used for a water to water heat pump system as an heat source and sink using 3 D flow and heat transport model of Feflow. The result shows that the magnitude influenced to water level of BIGW by fluctuation of river water level in summer and winter is about 48% and 75% of Nakdong river water level separately. Seasonal change of river water temperature is about $23.7^{\circ}C$, on other hand that of BIGW is only $3.8^{\circ}C$. The seasonal temperatures of BIGW are ranged from minimum $14.5^{\circ}C$ in cold winter(January) and maximum $18.3^{\circ}C$ in hot summer(July). It stands for that BIGW is a good source of heat energy for heating and cooling system owing to maintaining quite similar temperature($16^{\circ}C$) of background shallow groundwater. Average COPh in winter time and COPc in summer time of BIGW and surface water are estimated about 3.95, 3.5, and about 6.16 and 4.81 respectively. It clearly indicates that coefficient of performance of heat pump system using BIGW are higher than 12.9% in winter time and 28.1% in summer time in comparision with those of surface water.
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
/
v.38
no.2
/
pp.63-70
/
2016
The distributed systems managed by K-water were surveyed to study the characteristic of disinfection-by-product (Trihalomethans & Haloacetic acids) formation and the correlations between the concentrations of disinfection-by-product and physico-chemical parameters. Five distribted system were selected according to their water ages and the degree of deterioration of their pipelines. Total seven items including Trihalomethans (THMs), Haloacetic acids (HAAs), BDOC, DOC, pH, chlorine residual, and temperature were analysed in monthly basis. The concentration of organic matter were increased according to water age and pipeline deterioration in this study. The coefficient of determination between the decline of residual chlorine and the increase of water age was revealed as high. Also, the coefficient of determination between the decline rate of residual chlorine and the increase of the Trihalomethans concentration were studied as high. Furthermore the longer water age is the bigger the effect on Trihalomethans formation and temperature. However, the coefficient of determination between the concentraion of Haloacetic acid and water age, residual chlorine, and temperature were revealed as low in this study.
The legally protected trees distributed in Gwangju City is 68 individuals belong to 9 taxa. Among the legally protected trees recorded in environment white paper, Quercus dentata located in Gwangsan-gu Eunnam-dong Shinga village must come to correct Quercus liena, Populus nigra var. italica of Byeokjin village of Seo-gu Byeokjin-dong change to Salix glandulosa and Pinus densiflora of Sukjung-dong, Nam-gu should be alter into Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. IPCC make an estimate the mean temperature multiplies best $6.4^{\circ}C$ and sea level of 59 cm rises and is warning that the North-Pole glacier may have melted mostly and 95% of bio-species on earth may falls at extinction crisis on the late 21th century. If apply IPCC estimate result to evaluate climate change vulnerability through the legally protected trees of Gwangju City, it should be estimated that mean minimum temperature of the coldest month of Gwangju City in the late 21th century result in higher than $3^{\circ}C$ as mean minimum temperature, January in Cheju Island at present. Therefore, it is estimate that the legally protected trees of Cheju Island such as Pinus thunbergii, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera and a evergreen broadleaf trees will grow up well in Gwangju City area in the late 21th century. The other hand, P. densiflora for. multicaulis and zelkova serrata as the legally protected trees that appear together in Seoul and Gwangju will be estimate by something to expose show vulnerability in region of Gwangju City.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
/
v.31
no.5
/
pp.307-312
/
2018
Liquid phases in ZnO varistors cause more complex phase development and microstructure, which makes the control of electrical properties and reliability more difficult. Therefore, we have investigated 2 mol% $CaCO_3$ doped $ZnO-Co_3O_4-Cr_2O_3-La_2O_3$ (ZCCLCa) bulk ceramics as one of the compositions without liquid phase sintering additive. The results were as follows: when $CaCO_3$ is added to ZCCLCa ($644{\Omega}cm$) acting as a simple ohmic resistor, CaO does not form a secondary phase with ZnO but is mostly distributed in the grain boundary and has excellent varistor characteristics (high nonlinear coefficient ${\alpha}=78$, low leakage current of $0.06{\mu}A/cm^2$, and high insulation resistance of $1{\times}10^{11}{\Omega}cm$). The main defects $Zn_i^{{\cdot}{\cdot}}$ (AS: 0.16 eV, IS & MS: 0.20 eV) and $V_o^{\bullet}$ (AS: 0.29 eV, IS & MS: 0.37 eV) were found, and the grain boundaries had 1.1 eV with electrically single grain boundary. The resistance of each defect and grain boundary decreases exponentially with increasing the measurement temperature. However, the capacitance (0.2 nF) of the grain boundary was ~1/10 lower than that of the two defects (~3.8 nF, ~2.2 nF) and showed a tendency to decrease as the measurement temperature increased. Therefore, ZCCLCa varistors have high sintering temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$ due to lack of liquid phase additives, but excellent varistor characteristics are exhibited, which means ZCCLCa is a good candidate for realizing chip type or disc type commercial varistor products with excellent performance.
Kim, Ranah;Kim, Yoon Gun;Kim, Mi-Yeon;Song, Byung Chul;Kim, Sun-ho;Kim, Jeong-hee
Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
/
v.33
no.2
/
pp.106-113
/
2017
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate tissue dissolving capacity, antimicrobial effect of Hydroxyethylidene bisphosphonate (HEBP) interacting with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as conventional endodontic irrigants and to determine tissue dissolving efficacy depended on temperature. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 bovine muscles were randomly distributed into 8 groups (n = 10). After their initial weights determined on a precision scale, the specimens in each group were immersed in the solutions for 5, 10 and 15 min and reweighted at each time period. Agar diffusion test inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis was performed for antimicrobial effect of each endodontic irrigants. Results: The ability to dissolve organic matter was greater in NaOCl group following NaOCl and HEBP mixture. Heated NaOCl ($40^{\circ}C$) and NaOCl/ HEBP mixture was greater tissue dissolving efficacy than room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$). Antimicrobial effect was greater and significant in the following order EDTA > EDTA + 1% NaOCl > $1%\;NaOCl{\geq}1%\;NaOCl$ + HEBP. Conclusion: HEBP as soft chelating agent does not disturb antimicrobial effect and less affected tissue dissolving efficacy as inherent properties of NaOCl. In the heated NaOCl/HEBP mixture analyzed, it dissolved more the organic matter than room temperature.
Background: Taurine is a conditional essential amino acid for fish. A study was conducted to investigate the compensating effect of supplemental taurine in diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) on impaired growth performance by fish meal (FM) replacement with soybean meal (SM) at low water temperature (14.15 ± 1.95 ℃). Methods: A FM-based diet was considered as a high FM diet and three other experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with SM by 20, 35, or 50% (HFM, SM20, SM35, or SM50, respectively) without taurine and other four diets were formulated by adding 1% taurine to the diets (HFM-T, SM20-T, SM35-T, or SM50-T, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (108.9 ± 1.58 g/fish) were distributed into 24 polyvinyl circular tanks (215 L) with 20 fish per tank and fed one of the diets to satiation for 20 weeks. Results: Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream were significantly improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. SM20-T and SM35-T diets increased fish growth that are comparable to HFM diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed SM20-T and SM35-T diets were not significantly different from those of HFM group. Dietary taurine supplementation in each FM replaced group numerically increased innate immunity of the fish. Lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in fish fed SM35, SM50, and SM50-T diets compared to those of fish fed HFM diet while they were not significantly lower in SM20, SM20-T, SM35, and SM35-T groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in fish group fed SM50 diet while SM50-T group did not significantly lower compared to that of HFM group. The relative expression level of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA was improved in fish fed taurine-supplemented diets compared to their respective SM diets. Conclusions: Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream can be accelerated or restored by 1% taurine supplementation when they are fed high level of SM up to 35% in diets during low water temperature season.
The purpose of this study was to investigate importance and performance about the quality attributes of bean coffee and instant coffee for the Koreans and the Mongolians. The survey was conducted in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea and in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia from April to May, 2012. The questionnaire was distributed to 380 Koreans and 380 Mongolians, and 253 and 250 copies were collected from the Koreans and the Mongolians, respectively, for statistical analyses. For the importance-performance analysis(IPA), 14 quality attributes of bean coffee and instant coffee were investigated. The main results of this study were as follows. In the importance and performance comparison about the bean coffee quality, taste, aroma, quantity, price, hygiene, freshness and shelf life were more important to the Koreans than to the Mongolians. On the other hand, nutrition and ingredient were regarded as more important attributes for the Mongolians. Also, price, nutrition, temperature and ingredient were better performance to the Mongolians than to the Koreans. In the importance and performance comparison about the instant coffee quality, quantity and price were more important to the Koreans than to the Mongolians. However, nutrition and temperature were more important to the Mongolians. Moreover, nutrition, temperature, variety and freshness were better performance to the Mongolians than to the Koreans. According to the IPA results of 14 quality attributes of bean coffee, the selection attributes with high importance but low performance were price and shelf life for the Koreans, while nutrition, hygiene and ingredient for the Mongolians. For instant coffee, the selection attributes with high importance but low performance were hygiene and concentration for the Koreans, while concentration and ingredient for the Mongolians.
To improve the properties of non-waxy rice flours for baking, soaked-wet milled rice flour (SWRF) was adjusted moisture content (MC) to 30 and 50 % and heated at 50 and $70^{\circ}C$ in a shaking water bath for 6 and 18 hrs, respectively. Moisture-heat treated rice flours were investigated with regard to particle size distribution, and morphological, physicochemical and pasting properties for comparing dry and wet milled flours. The particle size of rice flour treated with 30% MC was distributed between $4-20{\mu}m\;and\;100-200{\mu}m$, like SWRF. The particles above $200{\mu}m$ in the flour were produced at higher heating temperature. By SEM, starch granules were found in the rice flours treated with 30% MC, who whereas aggregated starch granules were shown in the flours treated with 50% MC. Moisture-heat treatment using higher MC and heating temperature decreased the lightness and increased the yellowness of non-waxy rice flours. Water binding capacity of 30% moisture treated rice flour was similar to that of SWRF. In the same moisture treated rice flour, swelling power was higher, but solubility was lower at $50^{\circ}C$ than at $70^{\circ}C$. The initial pasting temperature by RVA increased after moisture-heat treatment. The peak viscosity of moisture-heat treated rice flour was higher for 30% moisture than that of the others. The rice flour treated with 30% MC and heated at $50^{\circ}C$ showed low setback and increased stability for retrogradation.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.