• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.210-218
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• 2015

The antioxidant activity of white ginseng was not recorded in Korea Functional Food Code, while its activity of red ginsengs was recorded. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepato protective effect of different ginsengs in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. White and red ginseng were prepared from longitudinal section of the same fresh ginseng (4-year old). The whole parts of white and red ginsengs were separately extracted with 70% ethanol and distilled water respectively, at 70 ℃ to obtain therapeutic ginseng extracts namely, WDH (distilled water extract of white ginseng), WEH (70% ethanol extract of white ginseng), RDH (distilled water extract of red ginseng) and REH (70% ethanol extract of red ginseng). In this work, we have investigated the DPPH, hydroxyl radical, Fe²⁺-chelating activity, intracellular ROS scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation of different ginsengs. All these extracts showed a dose dependent free-radical scavenging capacity and a ROS generation as well as lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by treatment with bioactive extracts of white ginsengs (WDH) than red ginsengs. Additionally, white ginseng extracts (WDH) has dramatically increased intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and catalase in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. All these results explain that administration of white ginseng is useful as herbal medicine than red ginseng for chemoprevention of liver damage.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.11 no.3 s.26
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• pp.166-178
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• 2005

This study was conducted to develop a healthy and functional drink using red ginseng, maekmoondong and omija using Saengmaeksan. Since the red ginseng extract was used as a raw material, it was diluted from 1,000 to 1,500 times using distilled water and the highest sensory score was obtained when the red ginseng extract was diluted to 1,500 times. When the red ginseng extract was mired with omija and maekmoondong, there was no difference between the ratio of 1: 20 : 1, 1 : 21 : 1 and 1: 22: 1 (red ginseng : omija : maekmoondong). In case of sweetener, honey showed the highest sensory store compared to sucrose, pear extract apple extract, sucralose and aspartame. Additionally, the sweetness was evaluated using all sweeteners and 10 brix or 11 brix showed the highest sensory score. Therefore, red ginseng extract was first mixed with omija and maekmoondong in the ratio of 1 : 20 : 1, and distilled water was added to 1,500 times of the amount of red ginseng extract. Honey was finally added to the mixture to obtain 10 brix concentration and this was highly acceptable.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 1996

In this study, we investigated the appropriate conditions to extract acidic polysaccharide and to prepare red ginseng extract being rich in acidic polysaccharide from red tail ginseng marc produced after manufacturing alcoholic extract from red tail ginseng. Amount of acidic polysaccharide in red tail ginseng marc was about 11%. The best condition for the extraction of acidic polysaccharide from the marc was using of 3~5 mg of $\alpha$-amylase/g residue/15 ml of distilled water, and the amount of acidic polysaccharide in water extract of the residue treated with $\alpha$-amylase was about 27%. So, it is possible to manufacture red ginseng extract being rich in acidic polysaccharide using water extract of red tail ginseng alcoholic residue as extraction solvent. From the above results, we suggest that red tail ginseng residue produced by manufacturing alcoholic extract of red tail ginseng has high potencies in the utilization of waste material.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.43-56
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• 2004

Objectives : In order to investigate effects and immune improvement of distilled red-ginseng herbal Acupuncture, expression of Cox-1, Cox-2, and mRNA of Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed in A549 cell in vivo. Survival time and expression of cytokine mRNA were measured for the mice with Sarcoma-180 induced abdominal cancer. Methods : Balb/c mouse was treated with distilled red-ginseng Herbal Acupuncture at Wisu($BL_{21}$) and Chung- wan($CV_{12}$) to investigate anti-cancer effects and immune response. Results : 1. For expression of mRNA of Cox-1 using RT-PCR, the control group and the experiment groups didn't show significant differences. For Cox-2, both experiment groups and the normal group showed significant differences. 2. For expression of mRNA of Bcl-2 using RT-PCR, experiment groups showed slight decrease compared to the control group. For Bax, no significant changes were shown between the control group and experiment groups. 3. For survival time, all of experiment groups showed 11.1% increase compared to the control group. 4. For IL-2 and IL-4 productivity using Flow cytometry, all of experiment groups didn't show any significance. 5. For IL-2 productivity using ELISA, all of experiment groups didn't show any significance. 6. For expression of cytokine mRNA using RT-PCR, significant increase of IL.-2 and IL-4 were witnessed in the experiment group II compared to the control group. Significant increase of IL-10 was shown in all off experiment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion : According to the results, we can expect that distilled red-ginseng Herbal Acupuncture may be further effccts in anti-cancer and immune improvement if increasing concentration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the differences of essential oil components among Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng, and Korean white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Mayer) , American and Canadian ginseng (P. Quinquefolium), and sanchi ginseng (P notoginseng). The steam distilled oils of these ginsengs were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and 22 sesquiterpenes, 8 sesquiterpene alcohols, 8 monoterpenes, 5 aldehydes, 4 esters, 3 acids, 2 alcohols and 5 miscellaneous components were identified. The major oil components of Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng were $\beta$-panasinsene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-panasinsene, $\alpha$-neoclovene, selina-4,11-diane, bicyclo-ger-macrene and spathulenol. The contents of $\beta$-panasinsene, $\alpha$-neoclovene, $\alpha$-basabolene and spathulenol were higher in Korean red ginseng than Chinese and Japanese red ginseng. The contents of $\alpha$-cubebene, selina-4,11-diene and ledol were higher in Chinese red ginseng than Korean and Japanese red ginseng, but those of selina-4,11-diene and spathulenol were lower in Japanese red ginseng than Korean or Chinese red ginseng. On the other hand, the GC patterns of the oils from American, Canadian and sanchi ginseng were different from that of Korean white ginseng.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1168-1180
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• 2018

Objective: As the number of sarcopenic patients worldwide is increasing, the need for the treatment of sarcopenia is increasing. Ginseng has been reported to be a major herbal supplement. We tested whether red ginseng would be effective for sarcopenia using red ginseng preparation which can be easily obtained locally in Korea. Methods: 30 rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (n=10) (Group C), the group with Dexamethasone -induced sarcopenia (n=10) (Group D), and the group to which red ginseng was administered group after induced sarcopenia with Dexamethasone (n=10) (Group DH). Dexamethasone was intraperitoneally administered to group D and group DH for 7 days to make sarcopenic model. After that, the red ginseng tablets prepared by Korea Ginseng Corporation were diluted in distilled water and administered orally to the DH group for 2 weeks. Body weight and grip strength were measured 8 times during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected by cardiac puncture. In addition, the tibialis muscle was extracted, a myofibril cross section was measured by immunohistochemical staining and MyHC (myosin heavy chain) was quantified by Western blotting. Results: The ratio of the area on myofibril cross-section showed significant differences after administration of the red ginseng tablet. Conclusions: Red ginseng has a significant effect on the recovery of myofibril cross-section on sarcopenia. This experiment will be helpful for future clinical studies on drug effects in sarcopennia.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.127-131
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of red ginseng water extract (RGWE) on trypsin activity. After extraction of fat soluble and saponin component from red ginseng powder by methyl alcohol, the residue was extracted with distilled water, and manufactured to water extract. The extract was dialyzed with different molecular cut off membrane. Trypsin activity demonstrated the highest level at the RGWE concentration of 9${\times}$10$\^$-2/% in reaction mixture, and also increased to 15% at 2.9${\times}$10$\^$-3/%. Km value was decreased and Vmax was increased in the present of red ginseng water extract. Red ginseng water extract was partially purified by dialysis, Bio-Gel P-I0 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The active fraction demonstrated positive reaction to ninhydrin, DNS and folin reaction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 1998

A rapid separation of an edible panaxadiol (PD) and panaxatriol (PT) in ginseng saponins has been investigated by benzene ethylene resin adsorption method. Briefly, powdered red ginseng was extracted with water. The obtained ginseng extract were dissolved in suitable volume of distilled water, and adsorbed on the benzene ethylene resin with 200 folds water of the resin weight. Sugars and hydrophilic character compounds not absorbed were washed with water, and eliminated by 10-fold water of the resin weight. An edible panaxadiol and panaxatriol can be perfectly separated from ginseng saponins with the fractions below 40% aqueous ethanol and over 45% as an fluent.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2021

Objective: Fatigue can decrease both quality of life and work efficiency. Ginseng is one of the most popular herbal treatments for improving personal health, with applications in treating fatigue. However, the exact mechanisms of anti-fatigue effects are still unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of red ginseng powder (RGP) on exercise capacity and peripheral fatigue using both behavioral and molecular experiments in mice. Design: Four-groups behavioral and molecular experiment. Methods: Male 6-weeks-old ICR mice were treated with distilled water, 100, and 200 mg/kg RGP for 5 days via oral administration. The exercise capacity of each animal group was measured by locomotor activity, rota-rod, hanging wire, and cold swimming tests. Additionally, after performing the treadmill to induce fatigue, lactate expression and molecular experiments were investigated using mice gastrocnemius. Results: Mice treated with RGP exhibited increased exercise capacity in the behavioral tests. Additionally, RGP induced a dose-dependent decrease in lactate levels after high-intensity exercise, and Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4 expression increased in groups treated with RGP. However, there was no significant change in MCT1. Conclusions: These results suggest that RGP exerts several anti-fatigue properties by lower lactate and improved exercise capacity. Increased MCT4 expression may also affect lactate transport. Thus, this study suggests that the anti-fatigue properties of RGP might be associated with MCT4 activity.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2017

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain is characterized by persistent jaw pain associated with dysfunction and tenderness of the temporomandibular muscles and joints. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with red or black ginseng extract helps in the modulation of inflammatory TMJ pain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220~260 g were used. The experimental group was subdivided into 4 groups based on the treatment method (n=6, each group): formalin (5%, $30{\mu}l$), formalin after distilled water (vehicle), formalin after red or black ginseng extract (per oral, single or repeated, respectively). To induce TMJ pain, $30{\mu}l$ of formalin was injected into the articular cavity under ether inhalation anesthesia. The number of noxious behavioral responses of scratching the facial region proximal to the injection site was recorded for 9 successive 5-min intervals following formalin injection. Repeated treatment with red or black ginseng extract reduced the nociceptive responses in the second phase (11~45 min). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level compared to the vehicle group. In the test for liver and kidney functions, repeated treatment with red or black ginseng was not different compared to the vehicle group. These results indicate that red and black ginseng extract might be promising analgesic agents in the treatment of inflammatory TMJ pain.