• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.623-629
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 무인항공기용 실시간 장애물 탐지 및 회피 경로 생성 알고리즘을 제안한다. 2-D Lidar를 이용하여 장애물을 검출하고, 검출 정보는 지역 회피 경로 생성을 위한 실시간 히스토그램 생성과 목표 지점까지 전역 회피 경로 생성을 위해 사용되는 2-D SLAM 지도를 생성하는데 사용된다. 지역 회피 경로 생성을 위한 VFH 알고리즘은 장애물들이 벡터 방향과 거리에 따라 얼마큼 분포되어 있는지에 대한 실시간 히스토그램을 생성하고, 이 히스토그램은 근접 장애물 검출 시 지역 회피 경로를 생성하는데 사용된다. 기존의 $RRT^*-Smart$ 알고리즘의 한계로 인해 Modified $RRT^*-Smart$ 알고리즘을 제안한다. 이 알고리즘은 새로운 노드가 생길 때 목표 지점과의 직선 경로 여부를 판단하고, 목표 지점 방향으로 생성되도록 방향성을 부여하며, 노드의 길이를 확률적으로 나누어 일정한 단위의 길이가 아닌 랜덤 단위의 길이로 퍼뜨림으로써 보다 적은 비용으로 목표 지점까지의 효율적인 전역 회피경로를 생성한다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 회피경로를 생성하여 회피 기동함을 다양한 시뮬레이션 실험환경을 통해 검증하였다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.348-353
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• 2020

This paper presents an adaptive method to avoid obstacles in various environmental settings, using a two-dimensional (2D) LiDAR sensor for mobile robots. While the conventional reaction based smooth nearness diagram (SND) algorithms use a fixed safety distance criterion, the proposed algorithm autonomously changes the safety criterion considering the obstacle density around a robot. The fixed safety criterion for the whole SND obstacle avoidance process can induce inefficient motion controls in terms of the travel distance and action smoothness. We applied a multinomial logistic regression algorithm, softmax regression, to classify 2D LiDAR point clouds into seven obstacle structure classes. The trained model was used to recognize a current obstacle density situation using newly obtained 2D LiDAR data. Through the classification, the robot adaptively modifies the safety distance criterion according to the change in its environment. We experimentally verified that the motion controls generated by the proposed adaptive algorithm were smoother and more efficient compared to those of the conventional SND algorithms.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1324-1342
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• 2020

Various modified algorithms of rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) have been previously proposed. However, compared to the RRT algorithm for collision avoidance with global and static obstacles, it is not easy to find a collision avoidance and local path re-planning algorithm for dynamic obstacles based on the RRT algorithm. In this study, we propose boundary-RRT*, a novel-algorithm that can be applied to aerial vehicles for collision avoidance and path re-planning in a three-dimensional environment. The algorithm not only bounds the configuration space, but it also includes an implicit bias for the bounded configuration space. Therefore, it can create a path with a natural curvature without defining a bias function. Furthermore, the exploring space is reduced to a half-torus by combining it with simple right-of-way rules. When defining the distance as a cost, the proposed algorithm through numerical analysis shows that the standard deviation (σ) approaches 0 as the number of samples per unit time increases and the length of epsilon ε (maximum length of an edge in the tree) decreases. This means that a stable waypoint list can be generated using the proposed algorithm. Therefore, by increasing real-time performance through simple calculation and the boundary of the configuration space, the algorithm proved to be suitable for collision avoidance of aerial vehicles and replanning of local paths.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1925-1936
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• 2010

영상카메라와 무선통신 기능을 탑재한 손모양 및 장애물 인식이 가능한 다족 로봇을 독자적으로 설계 및 제작하고 제작한 로봇에 최적화된 보행패턴 알고리즘을 개발하여 적용하였다. 영상센서의 입력화상에 대해 하프변환 (Hough Transform)을 사용하여 물체의 외곽선을 추출하여 장애물을 인식하여 회피하는 실시간 자율보행이 가능한 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 로봇의 목표물 및 목적지 설정을 위하여 미리 학습시킨 피부색의 평균값과 입력영상의 확률거리(Mahalanobis Distance)를 산출하여 손 영역을 검출하고 손가락 개수에 따라 로봇의 명령 제어가 가능하도록 하였다. 장애물 및 손모양 인식에 따른 다족 자율 보행 로봇의 수행 실험 평균 결과 약 96%의 장애물 인식률과 94%의 손 모양 인식률을 보였다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

This study proposes a new approach to analyze the impedance and the elasticity of a serial chain of spring-damper system, areal-time collision-free trajectory generation algorithm is proposed. The reference points on a trajectory connected by the spring-damper system have a mechanism for self-position adjustment to solve a collision problem by the impedance, and the local adjustment of each reference point is propagated through the elasticity to a real robot at the end of the spring-damper system. As a result, the overall trajectory consisting of the reference points becomes free of collision with environmental obstacles and efficient having the shortest distance as possible. In this process,, the reference points connected by the spring-damper system take role of virtual robot as global guidance for a real robot, and a cooperative is carried out by the system of robots. A control technology is proposed to implement for mobile robot.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2011

The mine-detection system, which is one of the various mission equipments for Ground Vehicle System, detects mine under the ground. The mine detection sensors comprised of Metal Detection(MD) sensor and Ground Penetration Radar(GPR) are attached on the end of the multi-DOF manipulator. The manipulator moves the sensor to sweep mine areas keeping the pre-determined distance between the sensor and ground to enhance mine detection performance. The detection system can be operated automatically, semi-automatically and manually. When the detection system is operated automatically, the sensor should avoid collisions with unexpected obstacles which may exist on the ground. Two types of ultra-sonic sensors were developed for the mine detection sensor system to keep the appropriate gap between sensor and the ground to avoid the obstacles. Also, mine place marking device was developed.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 시선 인식을 이용하여 사용자의 명령을 전달받고, 거리 센서들에 의해 감지된 거리 정보를 통해 주행 중에 장애물을 회피할 수 있는 지능형 휠체어 시스템을 제안한다. 사용자의 명령은 적외선 필터가 장착된 카메라를 통해 검출된 눈의 동공 중심과 반사점을 이용하여 시선에 의해 인식되고, 이는 사용자 인터페이스를 통해 휠체어를 조종한다. 이때 10개의 초음파 센서를 이용하여 장애물을 감지하고, 목표지점까지 장애물과의 충돌을 피하도록 도와준다. 제안된 지능형 휠체어 시스템은 시선 인식기, 자율 주행 모듈, 센서 제어 보드, 모터제어 보드로 구성된다. 시선 인식기는 사용자의 명령을 인식하고, 이를 모터 제어보드를 통해 휠체어를 조종한다. 그 후에 초음파 센서들에 의해 감지된 장애물 정보는 센서 제어 보드로 전달되고, 센서 제어 보드는 이 정보를 자율 주행 모듈로 전달한다. 자율 주행 모듈은 장애물을 감지하고 이를 피하기 위해 모터 제어 보드로 명령을 전달한다. 모터제어보드는 자율 주행 모듈에서 받은 명령어를 지능형 휠체어에 전달하고 지능형 휠체어는 이 명령에 따라 움직인다. 실험에서 제안된 시스템은 사용자의 편의와 안전을 위해 효과적으로 시선을 인식하고 장애물 회피할 수 있음을 보인다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.824-833
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• 2006

In this paper, the image modelling of road's lane markings is established using view frustum(VF) model. From this model, a measurement system of lane markings and obstacles is proposed. The system also involve the real time processing of the 3D position coordinate and the distance data from the camera to the points on the 3D world coordinate by virtue of the camera calibration. In order to reduce their measurement error, an useful algorithm for which analyze the geometric variations due to traveling vehicle's fluctuation using VF model is proposed. In experiments, without correction, for instance, the $0.4^{\circ}$ of pitching rotation gives the error of $0.4{\sim}0.6m$ at the distance of 10m, but the more far distance cause exponentially the more error. We con finned that this algorithm can be reduced less than 0.1m of error at the same condition.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1411-1422
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• 2003

The detection of free spaces between obstacles in a scene is a prerequisite for navigation of a mobile robot. Especially for stereo vision-based navigation, the problem of correspondence between two images is well known to be of crucial importance. This paper describes multi-range approach of area-based stereo matching for grid mapping and visual navigation in uncertain environment. Camera calibration parameters are optimized by evolutionary algorithm for successful stereo matching. To obtain reliable disparity information from both images, stereo images are to be decomposed into three pairs of images with different resolution based on measurement of disparities. The advantage of multi-range approach is that we can get more reliable disparity in each defined range because disparities from high resolution image are used for farther object a while disparities from low resolution images are used for close objects. The reliable disparity map is combined through post-processing for rejecting incorrect disparity information from each disparity map. The real distance from a disparity image is converted into an occupancy grid representation of a mobile robot. We have investigated the possibility of multi-range approach for the detection of obstacles and visual mapping through various experiments.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose an obstacle avoidance system for an unmanned ship to navigate safely in dynamic environments. Also, in this paper, one-dimensional low-cost lidar sensor is used, and a servo motor is used to implement the lidar sensor in a two-dimensional space. The distance and direction of an obstacle are measured through the two-dimensional lidar sensor. The unmanned ship is controlled by the application at a Tablet PC. The user inputs the coordinates of the destination in Google maps. Then the position of the unmanned ship is compared with the position of the destination through GPS and a geomagnetic sensor. If the unmanned ship finds obstacles while moving to its destination, it avoids obstacles through a fuzzy control-based algorithm. The paper shows that the experimental results can effectively construct an obstacle avoidance system for an unmanned ship with a low-cost LiDAR sensor using fuzzy control.