• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.527-533
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• 2017

Environmental concern about smart phone is growing because it has short product life span while having intensive production technology and cost. In this study environmental impact of the smart phone is quantified using the LCA methodology based on the ISO 14040 series standards. The assessment considers potential environmental impacts across the whole life cycle of the smart phone including; pre-manufacturing; manufacturing; distribution; product use; and end-of-life stages. The pre-manufacturing stage is the most dominant life cycle stage causing the highest environmental impacts among all 10 impact categories assessed. The global warming impacts of the smart phone in the pre-manufacturing, distribution, use, manufacturing, and end-of-life stages were 52.6% 23.9%, 15.7%, 7.0%, and 0.8%, respectively. Sensitivity of the life cycle impact assessment results to the system boundary definition and assumptions made were quite high. Three components of the smart phone, PCB, battery, and display module were identified as the key components causing majority of the potential environmental impact in the pre-manufacturing stage. As such the slim and light-weight design and the use of environmental friendly materials are important design factors for reducing the environmental impact of the smart phone.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2014

This study is about the development of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs), which are highly applicable to cosmetics formulation. The CLCs made from non-animal origin were chosen not only because they are free of animal viruses but also because they give a sense of security to the cosmetic consumers. Three kinds of new cholesteric derivatives (CI, CC, CN) were synthesized using non-animal cholesterol [NAB cholesterol (ARCH LONZA)], which was originally made by fermentation process. To develop high applicability to cosmetics formulation, we attempted to find out the optimum compositions in which CLCs can maintain their color over a wide range of temperature. The CLCs in 41 different compositions were prepared by the combinations of three cholesteric derivatives and a visual evaluation method was employed to determine the range of temperature at which the CLCs display their color. The 205 UV-VIS spectral data obtained from 41 CLCs at various temperatures were simultaneously analyzed to investigate the critical factors affecting the characteristics of the CLCs. Results showed that A4, A5, A6 and A7 were the best compositions to cosmetics formulation. A6 composition had a great moisturizing effect by the artificial skin test ($AmoReSkin^{TM}$).

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2014

The current rural conditions are undergoing the change from the past production-intensive structure to an integral and complex one of producing, processing, selling, touring and lodging owing to the changes of life-style, consumption trend and social environments. The rural area is developing into a community of rural tourism villages to grow into one management system along with the assistance of the government's various supporting projects. Through this, the rural designing has got to play a significant role as one of the factors of the enhancement of competitiveness and the increase of income. Therefore, those previous studies on the variety and possibility of rural development are being employed for the researches which are to develop techniques of branding, marketing and packaging. In particular, the researches for VI (Village Identity), BI (Brand Identity) and designs of landscaping, packaging of agricultural specialties and display stores, which definitely shows that the importance of rural designing, is being paid a lot more attention to. Thus, this study has verified the site commercialization and its effect by developing some practical designing with the focus of package design at rural tourism villages. The Okgye Village in Yoncheon was selected for study subject based on the result of status investigation. This study has analyzed such problems as lack of village identity, non-description of items and their indispensible marks which were seen their designs of village and packaging. The colors of major items and the village image being substituted into the image scale of IRI color were estimated so that the appropriate colors might be selected, along with which the shapes of major items were decided to be motif for the village symbol and design to be created. The designs of such major items as grains, greens and sauces were created with the consideration of the easiness of loading, the continuity of using and the aesthetics. For grains, those outer boxes which are possible for set-packaging and small-sized packaging have been developed. For greens were developed the boxes with the structure of the permeability for the persisten't quality as well as the possibility for packaging small amount. In case of sauces, those outer-boxes equipped with fixing tray were made with the transport-convenience taken into consideration. The sticker-label designs for all those three were also developed which stand for the village identity and are conveniently used in each farm family. When this development was applied at the sites, it was found that the satisfaction and reliability of consumers as well as the satisfaction of farmers were raised along with the increase by more than 30% after the improvement.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.174-207
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• 2017

Human history shows diverse strategies for survival and prosperity. This study introduces the concept of the expansion of wealth as a key to explain choice and behavior of political entities. American scholar, -Bruce Bueno de Mesquita-, offers theoretical grounds for this concept in that the cores of selectorate theory is settled. The political entity consists of two groups, -the winning coalition that has power to replace leader and non-winning coalition that has not. Leaders implement policies serving for the welfare of winning coalition in return for their loyalty. Both internal problems caused by demographic changes and external ones of climate changes, epidemic disease, or invasion compel leader and winning coalition to adopt policies of expansion that they believe may lead to the acquisition of wealth needed to counter those problems. The process starts by occupying one spot where other entities reside and then connecting it to its own. The line between spots functions as a foothold to form a new line to other spots. By repeating this process, a space is created in which new laws and orders are instated. In the early stage of expansion, war is hardly avoidable. Once finished successfully, the political circumstance tilts to encourage economic activities in order to generate national revenues to strengthen political power of winning coalition. However, as scale of economic activities grows, so does political power of civic classes in production and trade. To gain financial support required to run the political entity, delegation of power or bestowing autonomy to non-winning coalition is inevitable. Thus, expansion is not the ultimate solution, only to prolong the political survival if succeed. Maritime power came to attractive option when overland expansion had become obstructed. It offered much greater advantages in terms of political risks and financial burdens in exploring new regions of precious commodities than overland expansion. Each political entity around world have been, for the first time in human history, connected by maritime means since 15th century. It is worthy of noting that land conditions propelled people out to sea. Political and economic situations created opportunities to exploit geographical position in pursuit of wealth. In the 21st century, we witness the operation of international winning coalition that presides over the rules of expansion. Competing for market is synonymous to the expansion in this era, the cause and aim of it has not been changed though. Energy and dollars are key factors of expansion since the end of the 2nd world war. No matter what the forms and conditions change, naval power is still the most relevant means for expansion as it retains unique characters of maneuver, flexibility, continuity, display and projection of power. The strategy for using naval power should be in line with two different approaches for expansion: Approaches to the international winning coalition by making contribution to world order, and approaches to the non-international winning coalition by enhancing military diplomatic activities. The former will serve our share of winning coalition while the latter will open chances to acquire further prosperity.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.175-179
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• 2001

Regional odontodysplasia is a relatively rare condition in which both enamel and dentin are hypoplastic and hypocalcified. The result is localized arrest in tooth development. The etiology of regional odontodysplasia is uncertain, but, disturbance in vascular supply, somatic mutation, latent virus infection, trauma, hyperpyrexia, irradiation, nutrition, metabolic disorders and hereditary transmission are supported to be etiologic factors. Females are more often affected than males. (1.4 : 1). The maxillary arch is more often affected than the mandibular arch with the maxillary left quadrant being the most commonly involved. Affected teeth are hypoplastic, typically discolored yellow or yellowish brown, smaller in size and display a variety of surface marking including pitting and grooving. Radiographically, the teeth affected have been described to have a "ghost like" appearance or "fuzzy" appearance. Pulp calcification and denticles may be present within the pulp chambers of the affected teeth. In it's case, a 2 years old male visited for a treatment of uneruption of lower right teeth. Partial eruption of lower right deciduous central incisor and unerupted deciduous lateral incisor, deciduous canine and deciduous first molar showed severly delayed eruption state. On radiographic appearance, "Ghost like appearance", shortened root and opened apexes on lower right region were observed. It was suspected regional odontodysplasia with clinical and radiographic condition.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1433-1436
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• 2016

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a major problem of health in Thailand, particularly in Northeastern and Northern regions, is generally incurable and rapidly lethal because of presentation in stage 3 or 4. Early diagnosis of stage 1 and 2 could allow better survival. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a distribution map of populations at risk for CCA in BuaYai district of Nakhon Ratchasima province, Northeast Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 10 sub-districts and 122 villages, during June and November 2015. The populations at risk for CCA were screened using the Korat CCA verbal screening test (KCVST) and then risk areas were displayed by using Google map (GM). Results: A total of 11,435 individuals from a 26,198 population completed the KCVST. The majority had a low score of risk for CCA (1-4 points; 93.3%). High scores with 6, 7 and 8 points accounted for 1.20%, 0.13% and 0.02%. The population at risk was found frequently in sub-district municipalities, followed by sub-district administrative organization and town municipalities, (F=396.220, P-value=0.000). Distribution mapping comprised 11 layers: 1, district; 2, local administrative organization; 3, hospital; 4, KCVST opisthorchiasis; 5, KCVST praziquantel used; 6, KCVST cholelithiasis; 7, KCVST raw fish consumption; 8, KCVST alcohol consumption; 9, KCVST pesticide used; 10, KCVST relative family with CCA; and 11, KCVST naive northeastern people. Geovisual display is now available online. Conclusions: This study indicated that the population at high risk of CCA in Bua Yai district is low, therefore setting a zero model project is possible. Key success factors for disease prevention and control need further study. GM production is suitable for further CCA surveillance and monitoring of the population with a high risk score in this area.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.301-322
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• 2015

This study examined the effect of emotional sounds on satisfaction of search (SOS). SOS occurs when detection of a target results in a lesser chance of finding subsequent targets when searching for an unknown number of targets. Previous studies have examined factors that may influence the phenomenon, but the effect of emotional sounds is yet to be identified. Therefore, the current study investigated how emotional sound affects magnitude of the SOS effect. In addition, participants' eye movements were recorded to determine the source of SOS errors. The search display included abstract T and L-shaped items on a cloudy background and positive and negative sounds. Results demonstrated that negative sounds produced the largest SOS effect by definition, but this was due to superior accuracy in low-salient single target trials. Response time, which represents efficiency, was consistently faster when negative sounds were provided, in all target conditions. On-target fixation classification revealed scanning error, which occurs because targets are not fixated, as the most prominent type of error. These results imply that the two dimensions of emotion - valence and arousal - interactively affect cognitive performance.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.651-676
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• 2017

Shadow images are a representative medium and means of expression for the imagination that exists between consciousness and unconsciousness for thousands of years. Wherever light exists, people create play with their own shadows without special skills, and have made a fantasy at once. Shadow images have long been used as subjects and materials of literacy, art, philosophy, and popular culture. Especially in the field of art, people have been experimenting with visual stimulation through the uniqueness of simple silhouettes images. In the field of animation, it became to be recognized as a form of non - mainstream areas that are difficult to make. However, shadow images have been used more actively in the field of digital arts and media art. In this Environment with technologies, Various formative imaginations are being expressed more with shadow images in a new dimension. This study is to introduce and analyze these trends, the aesthetic transformations and extended methods focusing on digital silhouette animation and recent media art works using shadow images. Screen-based silhouette animation combines digital technology and new approaches that have escaped conventional methods have removed most of the elements that have been considered limitations, and these factors have become a matter of choice for the directors. Especially, in the display environment using various light sources, projection, and camera technology, shadow images were expressed with multiple-layered virtual spaces, and it becomes possible to imagine a new extended imagination. Through the computer vision, it became possible to find new gaze and spatial images and use it more flexibly. These changes have given new possibility to the use shadow images in a different way.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2014

The width of depletion region in a varactor diode can be modulated by varying a reverse bias voltage. Thus, the preferred characteristics of depletion capacitance can obtained by the change in the width of depletion region so that it can select only the desirable frequencies. In this paper, the TV tuner varactor diode fabricated by hyper-abrupt profile control technique is presented. This diode can be operated within 3.3 V of driving voltage with capability of UHF band tuning. To form the hyperabrupt profile, firstly, p+ high concentration shallow junction with $0.2{\mu}m$ of junction depth and $1E+20ions/cm^3$ of surface concentration was formed using $BF_2$ implantation source. Simulation results optimized important factors such as epitaxial thickness and dose quality, diffusion time of n+ layer. To form steep hyper-abrupt profile, Formed n+ profile implanted the $PH_3$ source at Si(100) n-type epitaxial layer that has resistivity of $1.4{\Omega}cm$ and thickness of $2.4{\mu}m$ using p+ high concentration Shallow junction. Aluminum containing to 1% of Si was used as a electrode metal. Area of electrode was $30,200{\mu}m^2$. The C-V and Q-V electric characteristics were investigated by using impedance Analyzer (HP4291B). By controlling of concentration profile by n+ dosage at p+ high concentration shallow junction, the device with maximum $L_F$ at -1.5 V and 21.5~3.47 pF at 0.3~3.3 V was fabricated. We got the appropriate device in driving voltage 3.3 V having hyper-abrupt junction that profile order (m factor) is about -3/2. The deviation of capacitance by hyper-abrupt junction with C0.3 V of initial capacitance is due to the deviation of thermal process, ion implantation and diffusion. The deviation of initial capacitance at 0.3 V can be reduced by control of thermal process tolerance using RTP on wafer.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 1998

An integrated system of GIS and water quality model was suggested including the pollutant loads from the watershed. The developed system consists of two parts. First part is the GIS module. The geographic information system of the study area was built to provide the information on landuse and several surface factors concerning the overland flow processes of water and pollutants. Second part is the modeling modules which include storm event pollutant load model(SEPLM)., non-storm event pollutant load model(NSPLM), and river water quality simulation model(RWQSM). Models can calculate the pollutant load from the study area. The databases and models are linked through the interface modules resided in the overall system, which incorporate the graphical display modules and the operating scheme for the optimal use of the system. The developed system was applied to the Chungju multi-purpose reservoir to estimate the pollutant load during the four selected rainfall events between 1991 and 1993,. based upon monthly basis and seasonal basis in drought flow, low flow, normal flow and wet flow.