• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.115-129
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• 1994

In the present study, quantitative and qualitative histology was used to assess the effects of ibuprofen suppositories with various treatments on the rectal mucosa of rats. Two suppositories were prepared with Witepsol W35 and compared with two commercial ibuprofen suppositories Reference I (Showa Pharm.ind., Tokyo, Japan), Reference II (P.Pharm., Seoul, Korea). Single and multiple dose(dosing interval 4 hr, n=4) studies were conducted. All suppositories significantly increased epithelial cell loss, but the extent of rectal irritation was variable. These studies showed that the incorporation of ibuprofen into the suppository bases increases the morphological change in rectal tissue both for the single and multiple administrations of suppositories, but which was significantly recovered within 24 hr although the interanimal variability in scores was very substantial. Multiple administration of ibuprofen suppositories caused significant damage to rectal mucosa, but it must be considered that these were under the severe condition, that is, interval of administration (4 hr) was three times shorter than normal interval of administration and dose was fifteen times larger than usual human dose. Aluminum oxide $(Al_2O_3)$, a dispersing agent, slightly increased the irritation of rectal mucosa in rats at 5 hr and 24 hr after multiple administration, but it was possible to ignore the difference of irritation in the data at 5hr and 24hr after single administration. Finally, it was concluded that Witepsol W35 and ibuprofen had a slight rectal mucosa-irritating effect on the usual human dose, and ibuprofen suppositories prepared with Witepsol W35 or Witepsol W35, $Al_2O_3$ showed almost similar extent of rectal irritation with commercial ibuprofen products.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.101-113
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• 2017

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the self-rated oral health status of local residents and their quality of life in urban and county areas in an effort to provide information on how to improve their quality of life. Method : The 2015 community health survey data for South Gyeongsang Province(10 urban regions and 10 county areas) were analyzed. Result : The findings of the study were as follows: As for the characteristics of self- rated oral health, there were better self-rated oral health, less chewing difficulty, less use of dentures, higher rate of receiving dental checkups and more scaling experience in the urban communities than in the county areas. Concerning EQ-5D and happiness index by region, the two were higher in the urban regions than in the county areas. In regard to EQ-5D and happiness index by the characteristics of self-rated oral health, better self-rated oral health status and less chewing difficulty led to higher EQ-5D and higher happiness index. And the two were higher when dentures were not used, when more dental checkups were received and when there was more scaling experience. Conclusion : Therefore in order to boost the quality of life of local residents, the preparation of various educational programs is necessary to raise their awareness of health, and they should be provided with a wide range of medical benefits by dispersing medical institutions that are mostly located in urban communities or by expanding public health services in county areas.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.12-15
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reaction conditions, solvents, and surfactants on the average size and size distribution of silica particles in preparing silica fine powders by sodium silicate. Silica fine particles were synthesized by varying kinds of solvents and surfactants using the emulsion method. Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, and Span 80 were used as nonionic surfactants, Dispersing solvents were n-Hexane, n-Heptane, iso-Octane, and n-Decane of the alkane group. In these experiments, it was known that the optimum dispersion stirring time to form the emulsion of the constant size was around 6 min. The mean sizes of silica particles, at a variety of the dispersion stirring speeds, decreased as the dispersion stirring speed increased. Also, in the case of the solvents, the size of the formed silica particles decreased when the molecular weight of the solvent increased. Lastly, in the case of the surfactants, the mean size of silica particles increased as the hydrophobic lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2016

We report the effect of pressure varying from 0 to 1500 bar on the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles synthesized from $Fe(OH)_2$ suspension using a high pressure homogenizer without any dispersing agent and oxidant. The observed X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that all the synthesized nanoparticles had the inverse spinel structure of magnetite. It was found from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD analysis that the average size of the synthesized magnetite particles could be controlled by the pressure of the high pressure homogenizer. The average particle size was found to range from 21 to 26 nm and decrease with increasing pressure. Magnetic hysteresis measurements performed at room temperature using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed the appearance of a superparamagnetic behavior in the magnetite nanoparticles synthesized at a pressure of 1500 bar.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.226-231
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• 2011

Graphene was coated on STS 316L by electro spray coating method to improve its properties of corrosion resistance and contact resistance. Exfoliated graphite (graphene) was made of the graphite by chemical treatment. Graphene is distributed using dispersing agent, and STS 316L was coated with diffuse graphene solution by electro spray coating method. The structure of the exfoliated graphite was analyzed using XRD and the coating layer of surface was analyzed by using SEM. Analysis showed that multi-layered graphite structure was destroyed and it was transformed into fine layers graphene structure. And the result of SEM analysis on the surface and the cross section, graphene layer was uniformly formed with 3~5 ${\mu}m$ thickness on the surface of substrate. Corrosion resistance test was applied in the corrosive solution which is similar to the PEM fuel cell stack inside. And interfacial contact resistance test was measured to simulate the internal operating conditions of PEM fuel cell stack. The results of measurements show that stainless steel coated with graphene was improved in corrosion resistance and surface contact resistance than stainless steel without graphene coating layer.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is what Saamchimbeop's method of reinforcement and reduction. Methods : 1. We reffered to the Bo-Sa method of DongeuiBo-gam(東醫寶鑑), Uihakim-mun(醫學入門), Uihakjeong-jeon(醫學正傳), Chimgugyeongheom-bang(鍼灸經驗方), Biaoyou-fu(標幽賦) in Cimgudaeseong(鍼灸大成), Nei-Jing(內經). 2. We make a conjecture that Zheng(正), Ying(迎), Sui(隨), Xie(斜) Yingzheng(迎正), Duo(奪), Zhenghuoxie(正或斜), Wen(溫), Liang(凉), JongYang-Inyin (從陽引陰) in Saamchimbeop are another expression of method of reinforcement and reduction and compared with the method of reinforcement and reduction of DongeuiBo-gam(東醫寶鑑), Uihakim-mun(醫學入門), Uihakjeong-jeon(醫學正傳), Chimgugyeongheom-bang(鍼灸經驗方), Biaoyou-fu(標幽賦) in Cimgudaeseong(鍼灸大成), Nei-Jing(內經). Results : 1. Zheng(正) and Xie(斜) are angle of acupuncture manipulation. The descending inserting of Yang-meridian is acupuncture manipulation for the Tonifying effect(補法) and the direct inserting of Yin-meridian is the Dispersing effect(瀉法). 2. JongYang-Inyin(從陽引陰) is the contralateral acupuncture. 3. Ying(迎) and Sui(隨) in the Saamchimbeop are same meaning the method of reinforcement and reduction(補瀉手技法). 4. Saamchimbeop's the final aim is the Wen-Liang(溫凉) according to the disease strong and weak in the Ohaeng-seo of Saam-acupuncture. Conclusions : Saamchimbeop's method of reinforcement and reduction is reinforcement-reduction by lifting and thrusting the needle, breathing reinforcement-reduction method, reinforcing and reducing achieved by rapid and slow insertion and withdrawing of the needles, reinforcement and reduction by opening and closing of needles with contralateral acupuncture by Yin-meridian or Yang-meridian. Saamchimbeop's the final aim is the Wen-Liang(溫凉) according to the disease strong and weak.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2018

Purpose: When casting of ceramics, proper amount of deflocculant was added for disperse the particles in slip. In this study, examined the optimum amount of APMA(ammonium polymethaacrylate) water as deflocculant for casting the zirconia. Methods: The 100 g of zirconia powder were ball milled with 300 g zirconia ball, 90 g of distilled water, and APMA water in polyethylene pot for 24 hours. The amount of APMA water were added as deflocculant from 0.5 to 0.9 g at an intervals of 0.1 g. The viscosity of slip with no deflocculant showed 1362c.p. and the minimum viscosity with 580c.p. obtained when the slip contained 0.7% of deflocculant. Bar type specimens were casted with plaster mold and biscuit fired at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hours. Biscuit fired specimens were finished with $60mm(L){\times}14mm(W){\times}10mm(H) bar$. Finished specimens were 2nd fired at $1500^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. Results: Regardless the addition of deflocculant, all 2nd fired specimens showed 0% of apparent porosity and water absorption. The specimens with no deflocculant showed 24% of drying shrinkage and 27.4% firing shrinkage. On the other hand, The specimens with deflocculant showed 17.4% of drying shrinkage and 17.6% firing shrinkage regardless the amount of deflocculant. The maximum bulk density with $6.09g/cm^3$ obtained when the specimens casted with 0.7~0.9% of deflocculant contained slips. Bend strength of specimen with no deflocculant showed 680 MPa and the maximum bend strength with 814 MPa obtained when the specimen casted with 0.7% of diflocculant contained slip. Conclusion : It was found that the particle shape of the powder according to the dispersing agent is added, the particle size, sintering temperature and affect the particle size distribution, sintering time, sintering atmosphere, such a great influence on the sintering.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.51-54
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• 2010

Transparent conductive films of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) were prepared by spray coating method. The effect of acid treatment on the SWCNT films was investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) shows that acid treatment can remove dispersing agent. The electrical and optical properties of acid-treated films were enhanced compared with those of as deposited SWCNT films. Nitric acid ($HNO_3$), sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$), nitric acid:sulfuric acid (3:1) were used for post treatment. Although all solutions reduced sheet resistance of CNT films, nitric acid can improve electrical characteristics efficiently. During acid treatment, transmittance was increased continuously with time. But the sheet resistance was decreased for the first 20 minutes and then increased again. Post-treated SWCNT films were transparent (85%) in the visible range with sheet resistance of about $162{\Omega}/sq$. In this paper we discuss simple fabrication, which is suitable for different types of large-scale substrates and simple processes to improve properties of SWCNT films.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2012

Nanofluids using Carbon Nanotubes have a excellent thermal characteristic. In this study, for increasing the efficiency of solar collector, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Ethanol-Oxidized Multi-walled Carbon Nanofluids were measured. Nanofluids were manufactured by ultra-sonic dispersing Oxidized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes(OMWCNTs) in ethanol at the rates of 0.0005 ~ 0.1 vol%. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of manufactured nanofluids were measured at the low temperature($10^{\circ}C$), the room temperature($25^{\circ}C$) and the high temperature($70^{\circ}C$). For measuring thermal conductivity and viscosity, we used transient hot-wire method and rotational digital viscometer, respectively. As a result, under given temperature conditions, thermal conductivity of the 0.1 vol% nanofluids improved 33.74% ($10^{\circ}C$), 33.14% ($25^{\circ}C$) and 32.36% ($70^{\circ}C$), and its viscosity increased by 37.93% ($10^{\circ}C$), 31.92% ($25^{\circ}C$) and 29.42% ($70^{\circ}C$) than the base fluids.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2009

1. Objectives Jeong-Jo's death has many mistery. So we understand rightly Jeong-Jo's death. we inspect closely medical records of 20 days before death(in The Annals of the Choson Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄), Hong Je Jun Se(弘齋全書)， GukSoBoGam(國朝寶鑑). We understand medical treatment before death. It is based on Jeong-Jo's Constitution. So we trace the cause of a Jeong-Jo's death rightly. 2. Methods According to The Annals of the Choson Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄), Hong Je Jun Se(弘齋全書) GukSoBoGam(國朝寶鑑). We found out Jeoung-Jo's Sasang constitutional elemet. We point on Jeoung-Jo's nature and emotion, temperament and talent, features and way of speaking, physical appearance, healthy state, ordinary symptom, pathological syndromes and pharmacology. so documentary records was worthy of notice. 3. Results and conclusions 1. Jeong-Jo has prominent cheekbones,flat face. It belong to Tae-eum. 2. Jeong-Jo's physical appearance is mild,around,large. It belong ro Tae-eum. 3. Jeong-Jo's favorite food and herb were belong to Tae-eum interior febrile disease herb. which is Exhale Dispersing Qi 4. So even though Jeoung-Jo is Tae-eum, He had a weak body. It main cause that Smoking, insomnia, heave work, Hwa disease. 5. Jeong-Jo's is Interior febrile disease induced form the liver affected by heat in Tae-eumin