• Title/Summary/Keyword: Disorder of Written Expression

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Neurobiological basis for learning disorders with a special emphasis on reading disorders (학습장애의 신경생물학적 기전 : 읽기장애를 중심으로)

  • Chung, Hee Jung
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.49 no.4
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    • pp.341-353
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    • 2006
  • Learning disorders are diagnosed when the individual's achievement on standardized tests in reading, mathematics, or written expression is substantially below that expected for age, schooling, and level of intelligence. Subtypes of learning disorders may be classified into two groups, language-based type learning disorders including reading and writing disorder, and nonverbal type learning disorder (NLD) such as those relating to mathematics & visuospatial skills, and those in the autism spectrum. Converging evidence indicates that reading disorder represents a disorder within the language system and more specifically within a particular subcomponent of that system, phonological processing. Recent advances in neuroimaging technology, particularly the development of fMRI, provide evidences of a neurobiological basis for reading disorder, specifically a disruption of two left hemisphere posterior brain systems, one parieto-temporal, the other occipito-temporal. The former is the reading system for beginner reading, the latter for skilled reading. Compensatory engagement of anterior systems around the inferior frontal gyrus(Broca's area) and a posterior(right occipito-temporal) system is noted in persistent poor readers in long-term follow up study. The theoretical model proposed to explain NLD's source is not right hemisphere damage, but rather the white matter model. The working hypothesis of the white matter model is that the underdevelopment of, damage to, or dysfunction of cerebral white matter(long myelinated fibers) is the source of this disorder. The role of an evidence-based effective intervention in the remediation of children with learning disorder is discussed.

Genetic association tests when a nuisance parameter is not identifiable under no association

  • Kim, Wonkuk;Kim, Yeong-Hwa
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.663-671
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    • 2017
  • Some genetic association tests include an unidentifiable nuisance parameter under the null hypothesis of no association. When the mode of inheritance (MOI) is not specified in a case-control design, the Cochran-Armitage (CA) trend test contains an unidentifiable nuisance parameter. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) in a family-based association study that includes the unaffected also contains an unidentifiable nuisance parameter. The hypothesis tests that include an unidentifiable nuisance parameter are typically performed by taking a supremum of the CA tests or TDT over reasonable values of the parameter. The p-values of the supremum test statistics cannot be obtained by a normal or chi-square distribution. A common method is to use a Davies's upper bound of the p-value instead of an exact asymptotic p-value. In this paper, we provide a unified sine-cosine process expression of the CA trend test that does not specify the MOI and the TDT that includes the unaffected. We also present a closed form expression of the exact asymptotic formulas to calculate the p-values of the supremum tests when the score function can be written as a linear form in an unidentifiable parameter. We illustrate how to use the derived formulas using a pharmacogenetics case-control dataset and an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder family-based example.

Effects of Excellent or Bad Handwriting on the Writing Assessment (쓰기검사에서 글씨체가 평가결과에 미치는 영향)

  • Yu, Gyung;Kim, Lak-Hyung
    • Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.133-142
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of handwriting on the writing assessment, according to whether the handwriting is excellent or bad. Methods: A total of 24 elementary and middle school teachers participated in this study and assessed 6 original writings and 6 transcriptions of the same original writings using the HWP 2007 program. Six writings were collected from elementary students of 4th to 6th grades, 3 of 6 students presented with excellent handwriting and 3 of 6 with bad handwriting. The assessments were done according to the standards of propositional knowledge assessment (You & Jeong, 2008). Results: In the excellent handwritings, the rules of orthography and the contents of introduction of the original writings were scored higher than those in the transcriptions. The difference between transcription and original writing showed minus scores in original writing assessments and plus scores in transcription assessments. In the propositional knowledge score and its subscales scores - content knowledge, text knowledge, language knowledge and text context knowledge -, were differences in transcription assessments significantly higher than those in original writing assessments. Several assessment indices - clarity of the ending, contents of introduction, appropriate contents, rules of orthography, structured composition and various vocabularies showed significantly higher differences in transcription assessments than those in original writing assessments. Conclusions: The excellent handwriting could be assessed high and the bad handwriting could be assessed low. These results suggest that we should consider the effects of handwriting factors on the results of writing assessment and that the transcription could be used for an accurate writing assessment.

The Hope of the Stroke Patients (뇌졸중환자의 희망)

  • 김이순
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.212-227
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    • 1997
  • Cerebrovascular diseases in Korea is an important health problem since mortality and mobidity have been increased rapidly. It marked the 2nd cause of specific death rates in 1993. The stroke causes physical function disorder due to hemiparalysis and emotional disorder, and stroke patients experience helplessness, powerlessness. sense of alienation and loss of hope. These feelings make the rehabilitation difficult because they lose the will of life. The subjects of the study were seven citizens who live in Pusan, are over 50 years old and belong to low income-level. The data were collected from Jan. to Sep. 1995. The researcher as a caregiver and volunteer made confidence of them and asked for their agreement on the purpose of the study. The subjects expressed their experience as openheartedly as possible. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi, which is as follows ; as an unit of description which include the subject' expressions and the researcher's observation, it is examined the theme that express the hope experience with the subject's language(underlining), and the focal meanings are identified. The focal meaning is the crystalization of the theme, which is written in the language of the researcher. After intergrating the focal meaning and make the situated structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on each subject's point. After intergrating the situated structural description and make the general structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on total subject's point then the systemizing of the structure of the hope experienced phenomena and the flowing of the conciousness was researched. The conclusions of this study was as follows : The ten sources of hope which the subjects experienced were sorted as under 〈mutual relations to others : spouse, children, relatives, fellow believer. health professioner. associate patient group〉, 〈spiritual dependence〉. 〈recovery of physical function〉. 〈rumination of the past life〉, 〈expectation of the future〉. 〈economic power〉, 〈belief〉, 〈ability〉. 〈spontaneous participation〉 and 〈recovery of roles〉. Their hope was spoken out by the following two kinds of linguistics. First. the hope was expressed in the affirmative expression as follows : 〈 to be dependable〉, 〈to make efforts〉, 〈to keep under control〉, 〈to desire〉, 〈to be pleasant〉, 〈to be peaceful〉, 〈to be grateful〉, 〈to give help〉, 〈self-confidence. Courage〉, 〈to be happy〉, 〈to satisfy oneself〉, 〈to share with others〉, 〈to understand〉 and 〈to be affected, be impressed〉 Second, the hope was expressed in the negative on pression as under : 〈to be distressed〉, 〈to be uneasy〉, 〈to be sorry, be unsatisfied〉 〈despair〉, 〈to abandon〉, 〈to be fearful〉, 〈to suffer〉, 〈to bear a burden〉 〈to be confused〉, 〈to be solitary〉, 〈chest trouble〉, 〈to feel heavy〉 〈grief〉, 〈to be daunted〉, 〈to get angry〉, 〈to be uncomfortable〉, 〈to have something regretable〉 and 〈to feel guilty〉. And their hope was expressed by the following four behavioral expressions : 〈physical sphere〉, 〈psychological sphere〉, 〈social support sphere〉 and 〈spiritual sphere〉. The reaction patterns of their hope experience appeared in the following 4 coping method : 〈conquest type〉, 〈dependence type〉, 〈adaptation type〉 and 〈fate type〉. Finally, in the hope structure the sense of certainty don't always coexict with the sense of uncertainty, When the stroke patients try to search for the best quality of life, the senses of certainty and uncertainty make a continual cyclic system in the hope structure.

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A Study on the Responsibility Judgment and Mental Disorder of Criminal Psychology (책임능력판단에 관한 범죄심리학적 이론과 정신장애 항변 연구)

  • Rim, Sang-Gon
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.10
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    • pp.293-322
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    • 2005
  • The culpability of a person, as determined by due process of law, for any of his actions that are defined as criminal. Determination of such responsibility is a legal function, not a psychiatric one, although a psychiatrist may be called upon to present evidence to the court in order to aid the judge or jury in reaching a decision as to responsibility. Determination of responsibility varies with the laws of the state in which the accused is being tried, but in general all states base their laws on three famous judicial decisions concerning criminal responsibility. 1. the M'Naghten(McNaughton) rule(a. to establish such a defense the accused, at the time the act was committed, must be shown to have been laboring under such defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, b. if he did know it, he did or know that what he was doing was wrong). 2. the irresistible impulse test. 3. the Durham decision. Under the Durham test, however, the psychiatrist may give any relevant testmony concerning the mental illness at issue. The psychological and behavioral appearance of a person, in clinical psychiatry this term is commonly used to refer to the results of the mental examination of a patient. The written report of the mental status usually contains specific references to the following areas: I. Attitude and General Behavior (1)General health and appearance. (2)General habits of dress. (3)Personal habits. (4)General mood. (5)Use of leisure time. (6)Degree of sociability. (7)Speech. II. Attitude and Behavior during interview (1)Co-operativeness. (2)Poise. (3)Facial expression. (4)Motor activity. (5)Mental activity. (6)Emotional reactions. (7)Trend of thought. III. Sensorium, mental grasp, and capacity (1)Orientation. (2)Memory and retention. (3)Estimate of intelligence. (4)Abstraction ability. (5)Tests of absurdity, interpretation of proverbs. (6)Judgment.

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Psychotherapy for Somatoform Disorder (신체형 장애의 정신치료)

  • Lee, Moo-Suk
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.269-276
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    • 1996
  • A theroretical study was made on the psychodynamism of somatoform disorder. Somatoform disorder is caused by a defense mechanism of somatization. Somatization is the tendency to react to stimuli(drives, defenses, and conflict between them) physically rather than psychically(Moore, 1990). Ford(1983) said it is a way of life, and Dunbar(1954) said it is the shift of psychic energy toward expression in somatic symptoms. As used by Max Shur(1955), somatization links symptom formation to the regression that may occur in response to acute and chronic conflict. In the neurotic individual psychic conflict often provokes regressive phenomena that may include somatic manifestations characteristic of an earlier developmental phase. Schur calls this resomatization. Pain is the most common example of a somatization reaction to conflict. The pain has an unconscious significance derived from childhood experiences. It is used to win love, to punish misdeeds, as well as a means to amend. Among all pains, chest pain has a special meaning. Generally speaking, 'I have pain in my chest' is about the same as 'I have pain in my mind'. The chest represent the mind, and the mind reminds us about the heart. So we have a high tendency to recognize mental pain as cardiac pain. Kellner(1990) said rage and hostility, especially repressed hostility, are important factors in somatization. In 'Psychoanalytic Observation on Cardiac Pain', psychoanalyst Bacon(1953) presented clinical cases of patients who complained of cardiac pain in a psychoanalytic session that spread from the left side of their chests down their left arms. The pain was from rage and fear which came after their desire to be loved was frustrated by the analyet. She said desires related to cardiac pain were dependency needs and aggressions. Empatic relationship and therapeutic alliances are indispensable to psychotherapy in somatoform disorder. The beginning of therapy is to discover a precipitating event from the time their symptoms have started and to help the patient understand a relation between the symptom and precipitating event. Its remedial process is to find and interpret a intrapsychic conflict shown through the symptoms of the patient. Three cases of somatoform disorder patients treated based on this therapeutic method were introduced. The firt patient, Mr. H, had been suffering from hysterical aphasia with repressed rage as ie psychodynamic cause. An interpretation related to the precipitating event was given by written communication, and he recovered from his aphasia after 3 days of the session. The second patient was a dentist in a cardiac neurosis with agitation and hypochondriasis, whose psychodynamism was caused by a fear that he might lose his father's love. His symptom was also interpreted in relation to the precipitating event. It showed the patient a child-within afraid of losing his father's love. His condition improved after getting a didactic interpretation which told him, to be master of himself, The third patient was a lady transferred from the deparment of internal medicine. She had a frequent and violent fit of chest pains, whose psychodynamic cause was separation anxiety and a rage due to the frustration of dependency needs. Her symptom vanished dramatically when she wore a holler EKG monitor and did not occur during monitoring. By this experience she found her symptom was a psychogenic one, and a therapeutic alliance was formed. later in reguar psychotherapy sessions, she was told the relaton between symptoms and precipitating events. Through this she understood that her separation anxiety was connected to the symptom and she became less terrifide when it occurred. Now she can travel abroad and take well part in social activities.

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