• 환경위생공학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.56-67
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• 1999

This study was performed to suggest the basic data and plans for the establishment of safe water supply plans in simple water supply piped system in the rural areas. In 4 different places, 24 points of water sources 36 points of taps from water sources were sampled. Of the whole 60 points, 55 points were ground water and 5 points were surface water. 14 items were measured for the analysis of water quality on each samples. The measured items were analyzed again by statistical method ; cluster analysis and principle components analysis. The results of this study are as followed. 1) In water quality analysis on water sources, 4 items, bacteria, E.coli, NH3-N and Fe exceed the standard. Of 24 points, 20 points(83%) on bacteria, 1 point(4%) on NH3-N and Fe exceed the standard. 2) In water quality analysis on near and remote taps, 4 items, bacteria, E.coli, NH3-N and Fe , exceed the standard. Of 36 points, 20 points (81%) on bactria, 1 pint(3%) on NH3-N and Fe exceed the standard. 3)Cluster analysis on water quality shows the differences by the kinds of water sources, geographical characteristics and distance from water sources. 4) Principle components analysis on ground water shows that Factor 1 and Factor 3 are natural fluctuation by the content of soil. Also, Factor 2 and Factor 4 are penetration of pollutants to underground. Therefore, it is needed to take deeper ground water in order to prevent from pollution in the areas which have ground water as water source . 5) Principle components analysis on surface water shows that Factor 1 is penetration of vacteria from surface to water source when rainfalls. Also, Factor 2 is fluctuation of water quality by the geographical characteristics. Therefore, the counterplans against non-point pollution source must be taken. Filtration and disinfection facilities are needed in the areas which have surface water as water source.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

Background: In the absence of a vaccine or treatment, the most pragmatic strategies against an infectious disease pandemic are extensive early detection testing and social distancing. This study aimed to summarize public and workplace responses to Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and show how the Korean system has operated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Daily briefings from the Korean Center for Disease Control and the Central Disaster Management Headquarters were assembled from January 20 to May 15, 2020. Results: By May 15, 2020, 11,018 COVID-19 cases were identified, of which 15.7% occurred in workplaces such as health-care facilities, call centers, sports clubs, coin karaoke, and nightlife destinations. When the first confirmed case was diagnosed, the Korean Center for Disease Control and Central Disaster Management Headquarters responded quickly, emphasizing early detection with numerous tests and a social distancing policy. This slowed the spread of infection without intensive containment, shut down, or mitigation interventions. After entering the public health blue alert level, a business continuity plan was distributed. After entering the orange level, the Ministry of Employment and Labor developed workplace guidelines for COVID-19 consisting of social distancing, flexible working schedules, early identification of workers with suspected infections, and disinfection of workplaces. Owing to the intensive workplace social distancing policy, workplaces remained safe with only small sporadic group infections. Conclusion: The workplace social distancing policy with timely implementation of specific guidelines was a key to preventing a large outbreak of COVID-19 in Korean workplaces. However, sporadic incidents of COVID-19 are still ongoing, and risk assessment in vulnerable workplaces should be continued.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.220-227
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• 2009

For last about 10 years, the Republic of Korea experienced 3 times of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) from 10 December 2003 to 30 April 2004 (a total number of 19 outbreaks), 22 November 2006 to 6 March 2007 (a total number of 7 outbreaks), and 1 April 2008 to 12 May 2008 (a total number of 33 outbreaks). Among the totally 59 outbreaks, the infected premises included 35 chicken farms, 17 duck farms, 1 quail farm, and 6 farms rearing mixed species. Control measures were applied according to the HPAI standard operation procedure including depopulation of all infected and suspected flocks, movement restrictions, and disinfection of the infected farms within a 500-meter radius. Including movement restrictions, stringent control measures were additionally applied to two designated zones: the protection zone was an area within a 3-kilometer radius of the outbreak farm, and the surveillance zone was an area between a 3- to 10-kilometer radius of the outbreak farm. Farms with dangerous contacts and/or all of poultry within the protection zone was subjected to preemptive culling. Epidemiological investigations were also carried out including trace-back and trace-forward investigations to identify possible sources of spread and dangerous contact farms. Investigation teams conducted on-site examination of farm premises and facilities, interview with farm owner and staff, and review of records. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of the virus isolates, and the results of the various surveillance activities were also analyzed. HPAI surveillance conducted in Korea includes passive surveillance of investigating notified cases, and active surveillance of testing high risk groups and areas. HPAI is a notifiable disease in Korea and all suspect cases must be reported to the veterinary authorities. Cases reported for other poultry diseases that require differential diagnosis are also tested for HPAI. Active surveillance includes annual testing of breeder duck farms, broiler duck farms and wild bird surveillance, which is concentrated during the autumn and winter. Surveillance activities conducted prior to the outbreaks have shown no evidence of HPAI infection in Korea.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.653-661
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• 2007

The Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products (D/DBP) Rule proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency requires the implementation of enhanced coagulation as a control strategy for natural organic matter (NOM) removal and as a means of limiting the formation of all DBPs, i.e., not just the trihalomethanes and haloacetica acids. To control DBP formation, several best available technologies (BATs) were determined for removal of DBPs and DBP precursors. The enhanced coagulation is one of the BATs for DBP precursors removal. Treatment facilities that achieve a specified percent removal of total organic carbon (TOC) prior to the application of a continuous disinfectant or that achieve a residual TOC concentration < 2mg/L prior to the application of a continuous disinfectant are considered to be in compliance with enhanced coagulation. The enhanced coagulation was applied to raw water in Korea, the Han River. Raw water were examined and effects of different raw water qualities on enhanced coagulation were investigated. Three analyses were used for raw water characteristics, water quality measurement, molecular weight distributions, hydrophobic/hydrophilic fractionation. The Han River had the relatively low alkalinity and low organic carbon concentration. The results of molecular weight distributions showed significant portions of low molecular weight organics, which is very different from most water in USA. The alum doses for the required TOC removal guided from USEPA manual were quite low (i.e. 10~30 mg/L alum) for the water, probably due to the specific water quality of the Han River.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.5792-5799
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• 2013

본 연구는 떡류의 HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)시스템 적용을 위한 목적으로 하였다. 떡의 주원료, 작업장 시설과 작업자 등에 대하여, 2012년 9월 12일~2013년 2월 13일까지 서울시 용산구 서계동 소재에 있는 KB 업체에서 제공받았다. 제조공정도는 일반적인 떡류 제조업체의 제조공정을 참고로 작성하였다. 제조공정도는 원료 농산물(맵쌀, 찹쌀, 팥 등), 부재료, 용수와 포장재료의 입고, 보관, 계량, 세척, 불림, 분쇄, 체선별, 혼합, 시루작업, 증자, 내포장, 금속검출, 외포장, 보관 및 출하공정으로 Fig. 1과 같이 작성하였다. 원료농산물의 미생물학적 위해요소 분석결과는 Table 1과 같다. 본 연구결과 떡의 원재료와 제품의 위해미생물검사 결과는 안전하나 제조환경과 작업자의 미생물검사 결과 체계적인 세척 및 소독을 실시하여 미생물학적 위해를 감소시키고 작업자 위생교육 등을 통하여 개인위생개념 향상과 작업장 내 공기중의 미생물 관리가 함께 이루어져야 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2016

Purpose : This study was designed to provide basic data of effective sanitization method of sprout vegetable for microbiological safety. Methods : Sanitization treatments were performed by dipping the sprout into chlorine and vinegar water. Microbial analysis were composed of the total plate count(TPC) and coliform group count(CGC). Result : Among chlorine water sanitization, the microbial reduction was largest in 100ppm chlorine water, and its TPC and coliform group count decreased to 6.01 log CFU/g and 5.06 log CFU/g. The effective dipping time in 100ppm chlorine water treatment was 5.97 log CFU/g and 5.91 log CFU/g for 30min and 60min, in which TPC were below the microbiological safety limits of 6.00 log CFU/g. Coliform group counts were decreased to 5.44, 5.46, 5.42 log CFU/g in the dipping the spouts for 30min, 60min and 90min. As a result of sanitizing alfalfa spout by vinegar water, a microbial counts tended to decrease with increasing concentration and the dipping time. The effective concentration of vinegar water was 2% for TPC(6.00 log CFU/g) and 1% for coliform group count(5.20 log CFU/g). With 1% vinegar water treatment, TPC became below the microbiological safety limits in all samples and in particular, the sample treated for 60min and 90min(4.93, 4.54 log CFU/g). While coliform group counts were decreased to 3.91 log CFU/g in the dipping the sprouts for 90min, those were still beyond the permitted limit. Conclusion : To secure the food safety of food service facilities including kindergarten feeding, it is considered that along with the systematic study of effective disinfection method for microbiological control at the preconditioning level of spout vegetable within the range of secured maleficence to human body, and the study regarding the measures to lower the initial microbiological pollution of spout vegetable.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.5422-5429
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• 2015

본 연구는 과자류의 HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)시스템 적용을 위한 연구이다. 본 실험에 사용된 시료는 과자류의 주원료, 작업장 시설, 도구와 작업자는, 2014년 9월 1일~2015년 1월 15일까지 충남 계룡시 소재에 있는 LB 업체에서 제공받았다. 제조공정도는 일반적인 과자류 제조업체의 제조공정을 참고로 하여 원료 농산물(쌀가루, 계란, 밀가루), 부재료, 용수와 포장재료의 입고, 보관, 계량, 배합, 성형, 가열(굽기), 냉각, 금속검출, 내포장, 외포장 및 출하공정으로 작성하였다. 원료농산물의 미생물학적 위해요소 분석결과 일반세균수는 계란에서 $6.2{\times}10^3CFU/g$로 가장 많이 검출되었다. 하지만, 굽기공정 이후의 미생물검사 결과는 모든 균이 검출되지 않아 안전한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 작업장 전체에 체계적인 세척 및 소독을 실시하여 미생물학적 위해를 감소시키고 작업자 위생교육 등을 통하여 위생개념 향상과 작업장의 위생관리가 함께 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to test the effects of electrolyzed water treatment on dried-laver Pyropia sp. processing facilities to control microbial contamination. Following the progression of the process to the next step, as well as during the lapse between process operating hours, the contamination level of total viable cell counts (TVC) and total coliform (TC) of laver increased. The TVC increased during the aging step, and after the molding-drying steps were completed, it increased by approximately 2.0 log CFU (colony forming unit)/g. Freshwater used for processing in April had a TVC of 4.31 log CFU/mL, which was more polluted than 2.61 log CFU/mL of seawater. Electrolyzed water was used to treat the sponge used in the laver-molding process, which resulted in a 2 log CFU/mL decrease.The TVC of dried-laver decreased by 1 to 2 log CFU/g when electrolyzed water was applied to the process. In conclusion, application of electrolyzed water in dried-laver processing was shown to be effective in reducing the microbiological contamination of the final product.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.123-139
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• 2023

In this study, a survey was conducted on the development of meal kits for children's foodservice to increase the convenience of the cooking process. It was performed among the foodservice managers in the 141 children's foodservice facilities registered in the Center for Children's Foodservice Management about meal-kits in Changwon areas. The survey results were analyzed according to the children's foodservice scale type. The biggest problem in a foodservice system was "difficult to purchase food ingredients directly every week" (38.4%) in small-scale children's foodservices, and "difficult to use the served menu without modification" (38.2%) in institutional children's foodservices (P<0.001). The most important factor when choosing the meal kit was "quality" (41.1%). Respondents on having an experience with using the meal kit were low at 34.8%, and the reasons for not using the meal kits were "expensive" (67.3%) and "not fresh food ingredients" (18.4%). The main reasons for not using children's foodservice meal kits were "expensiveness" (64.4%) and "necessity of adding disinfection process" (16.1%). Most of the reasons for not wanting to use children's foodservice meal kits were that they did not trust the safety of the meal kits. The use of meal kits in children's foodservices may reduce the preparation process and increase the efficiency of foodservice although the safety and quality of meal kits should be guaranteed. The appropriate hygiene management standards need to be set, and HACCP should be applied to develop meal kits for children's foodservices.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2023

2019년 12월에 발생한 COVID-19는 세계적으로 대유행하였고, 이로 인해 폐기능검사실의 안전한 감염관리가 절실히 요구되었다. 그러나 국내 유관 기관에서 제공하는 지침과 규제는 이 심각한 공중보건 위기에 대응하기에는 부족한 실정이었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2021년 10월 1일부터 2021년 11월 2일까지 국내 2차 이상 의료기관 51개를 대상으로 감염관리 기본규정, 일회용품 사용, 환기 시설, 공간 분리, 출입문의 형태 등에 대해 조사하였다. 그 결과, 공기 주의, 비말 주의, 접촉 주의를 위한 인식과 보호용구착용은 상당 부분 적절히 이루어지고 있었으나, 1인 검사 후 환경소독을 항상 시행하는 기관이 39.22%로 낮은 수준으로 조사되었다. 또한, 일회용품 사용(81.05%), 환기 시설(45.75%), 검사 전용 공간(80.39%), 사무 공간 분리(15.69%), 자동문 설치(19.61%)의 경우 조사 항목에 따라 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내 폐기능검사실의 감염관리의 일반적 사항과 시설의 실태조사를 통해 폐기능검사실의 감염관리의 중요성을 재고하고, 국내 의료기관의 감염병 위기 대응을 위한 후속 연구에 기초 정보를 제공함으로써, 폐기능검사실의 감염관리 표준 지침서 개발 및 개선에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.