• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.217-239
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• 2011

We carried out a series of experiment demonstrating the role of mitochondria in the cytosolic and mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$ transients and compared the results with those from computer simulation. In rat ventricular myocytes, increasing the rate of stimulation (1~3 Hz) made both the diastolic and systolic [$Ca^{2+}]$ bigger in mitochondria as well as in cytosol. As L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel has key influence on the amplitude of $Ca^{2+}$ -induced $Ca^{2+}$ release, the relation between stimulus frequency and the amplitude of $Ca^{2+}$ transients was examined under the low density (1/10 of control) of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel in model simulation, where the relation was reversed. In experiment, block of $Ca^{2+}$ uniporter on mitochondrial inner membrane significantly reduced the amplitude of mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$ transients, while it failed to affect the cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ transients. In computer simulation, the amplitude of cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ transients was not affected by removal of $Ca^{2+}$ uniporter. The application of carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) known as a protonophore on mitochondrial membrane to rat ventricular myocytes gradually increased the diastolic [$Ca^{2+}$] in cytosol and eventually abolished the $Ca^{2+}$ transients, which was similarly reproduced in computer simulation. The model study suggests that the relative contribution of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel to total transsarcolemmal $Ca^{2+}$ flux could determine whether the cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ transients become bigger or smaller with higher stimulus frequency. The present study also suggests that cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ affects mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$ in a beat-to-beat manner, however, removal of $Ca^{2+}$ influx mechanism into mitochondria does not affect the amplitude of cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ transients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.498-502
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• 2018

Molecular imaging is a powerful method for tracking various infectious disease-causing pathogens in host organisms. Currently, a dual molecular imaging method that can provide temporal and spatial information on infected hosts at the organism, organ, tissue, and cellular levels simultaneously has not been reported for Burkholderia pseudomallei, a high-risk pathogen that causes melioidosis. In this study, we have established an experimental method that provides spatiotemporal information on infected hosts using luminescent and fluorescent dual-labeled B. pseudomallei. Using this method, we visualized B. pseudomallei infection at the organism, organ, and tissue levels in a BALB/c mouse model by detecting its luminescence and fluorescence. The infection of B. pseudomallei at the cellular level was also visualized by its emitted fluorescence in infected macrophage cells. This method could be an extremely useful and applicable tool to study the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei-related infectious diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2012

This study is to find out the correlation among the predisposing, enabling, and need factors in Anderson Behavioral Model using the data from Korea Medical Panel Survey conducted in the early part (April 1 - October 31) of 2008. The findings are as follows. It was found that the utilization rate of western medical service was far higher. the influential factor to choose western or oriental medical service taking western medical institutions as the reference group, the influential factor to choose oriental medical institution has significantly increased when the patient who have covered by medical insurance has one accompanied disease and their age was between 45 - 74, compared to the people less than 45 years old. It also increased when the age of the patient was between 45-54 years old, and in the event those who are not covered by medical insurance have accompanied disease and that the disease mobility period is 2-4 years. reviewing the several characteristics of the utilization of western and oriental medical services by the patient with musculoskeletal system disorders, the number of accompanied disease is an influential factor for the utilization of oriental medical services. And, disease mobility period is a significant factor for the utilization of both western and oriental medical services together, though it is not identified in this study. Therefore, it is expected that mutual cooperation between western and oriental medical services is more required for the patient with musculoskeletal system disorders as the aging society rapidly develops. In order to foster oriental medicine, it is required to specialize in competitive disease such as musculoskeletal system disorders.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.352-361
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• 2010

Objectives: This study estimated the annual socioeconomic costs of food-borne disease in 2008 from a societal perspective and using a cost-of-illness method. Methods: Our model employed a comprehensive set of diagnostic disease codes to define food-borne diseases with using the Korea National Health Insurance (KNHI) reimbursement data. This study classified the food borne illness as three types of symptoms according to the severity of the illness: mild, moderate, severe. In addition to the traditional method of assessing the cost-of-illness, the study included measures to account for the lost quality of life. We estimated the cost of the lost quality of life using quality-adjusted life years and a visual analog scale. The direct cost included medical and medication costs, and the non-medical costs included transportation costs, caregiver's cost and administration costs. The lost productivity costs included lost workdays due to illness and lost earnings due to premature death. Results: The study found the estimated annual socioeconomic costs of food-borne disease in 2008 were 954.9 billion won (735.3 billion won-996.9 billion won). The medical cost was 73.4 -76.8% of the cost, the lost productivity cost was 22.6% and the cost of the lost quality of life was 26.0%. Conclusions: Most of the cost-of-illness studies are known to have underestimated the actual socioeconomic costs of the subjects, and these studies excluded many important social costs, such as the value of pain, suffering and functional disability. The study addressed the uncertainty related to estimating the socioeconomic costs of food-borne disease as well as the updated cost estimates. Our estimates could contribute to develop and evaluate policies for food-borne disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5655-5661
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• 2015

Purpose: To assess the role of two adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, anthracycline-based and CMF on disease free survival and overall survival breast cancer patients by meta-analysis approach in Eastern Mediterranean and Asian countries to determine which is more effective and evaluate the appropriateness and efficiency of two different proposed statistical models. Materials and Methods: Survival curves were digitized and the survival proportions and times were extracted and modeled to appropriate covariates by two multivariate mixed effects models. Studies which reported disease free survival and overall survival curves for anthracycline-based or CMF as adjuvant chemotherapy that were published in English in the Eastern Mediterranean region and Asia were included in this systematic review. The two transformations of survival probabilities (Ln (-Ln(S)) and Ln(S/ (1-S))) as dependent variables were modeled by a multivariate mixed model to same covariates in order to have precise estimations with high power and appropriate interpretation of covariate effects. The analysis was carried out with SAS Proc MIXED and STATA software. Results: A total of 32 studies from the published literature were analysed, covering 4,092 patients who received anthracycline-based and 2,501 treated with CMF for the disease free survival and in order to analyze the overall survival, 13 studies reported the overall survival curves in which 2,050 cases were treated with anthracycline-based and 1,282 with CMF regimens. Conclusions: The findings illustrated that the model with dependent variable Ln (-Ln(S)) had more precise estimations of the covariate effects and showed significant difference between the effects of two adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Anthracycline-based treatment gave better disease free survival and overall survival. As an IPD meta-analysis in the Italy the results of Angelo et al in 2011 also confirmed that anthracycline-based regimens were more effective for survival of breast cancer patients. The findings of Zare et al 2012 on disease free survival curves in Asia also provided similar evidence.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.115-120
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• 2023

Plant leaf diseases and destructive insects are major challenges that affect the agriculture production of the country. Accurate and fast prediction of leaf diseases in crops could help to build-up a suitable treatment technique while considerably reducing the economic and crop losses. In this paper, Convolutional Neural Network based model is proposed to detect leaf diseases of a plant in an efficient manner. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the key technique in Deep learning mainly used for object identification. This model includes an image classifier which is built using machine learning concepts. Tensor Flow runs in the backend and Python programming is used in this model. Previous methods are based on various image processing techniques which are implemented in MATLAB. These methods lack the flexibility of providing good level of accuracy. The proposed system can effectively identify different types of diseases with its ability to deal with complex scenarios from a plant's area. Predictor model is used to precise the disease and showcase the accurate problem which helps in enhancing the noble employment of the farmers. Experimental results indicate that an accuracy of around 93% can be achieved using this model on a prepared Data Set.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.107-112
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• 2024

Plant leaf diseases and destructive insects are major challenges that affect the agriculture production of the country. Accurate and fast prediction of leaf diseases in crops could help to build-up a suitable treatment technique while considerably reducing the economic and crop losses. In this paper, Convolutional Neural Network based model is proposed to detect leaf diseases of a plant in an efficient manner. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the key technique in Deep learning mainly used for object identification. This model includes an image classifier which is built using machine learning concepts. Tensor Flow runs in the backend and Python programming is used in this model. Previous methods are based on various image processing techniques which are implemented in MATLAB. These methods lack the flexibility of providing good level of accuracy. The proposed system can effectively identify different types of diseases with its ability to deal with complex scenarios from a plant's area. Predictor model is used to precise the disease and showcase the accurate problem which helps in enhancing the noble employment of the farmers. Experimental results indicate that an accuracy of around 93% can be achieved using this model on a prepared Data Set.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1178-1191
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• 2008

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine Powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}A$. The effects of the SSJHT hot water extract on expression of IL-1RA, $IL-1{\beta}$$, IL-6, IL-10, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, CD68, CD11b and AChE (3) and the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The SSJHT hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and increased IL-1RA, IL-10 in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The SSJHT hot water extract suppressed the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ significantly in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured step-through latency. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$$, $L-1{\beta}$ protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder significantly decreased AChE activity in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus. and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The results suggest that the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.259-265
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• 2018

Compartment models, a type of mathematical model, have been widely applied to characterize the changes in a dynamic system with sequential events or processes, such as the spread of an epidemic disease. A compartment model comprises compartments, and the relations between compartments are depicted as boxes and arrows. This principle is similar to that of the system dynamics (SD) approach to constructing a simulation model with stocks and flows. In addition, both models are structured using differential equations. With this mutual and translatable principle, this study, in terms of SD, translates a reference SEIR model, which was developed in a recent study to characterize the transmission of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in South Korea. Compared to the replicated result of the reference SEIR model (Model 1), the translated SEIR model (Model 2) demonstrates the same simulation result (error=0). The results of this study provide insight into the application of SD relative to constructing an epidemic compartment model using schematization and differential equations. The translated SD artifact can be used as a reference model for other epidemic diseases.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.92-108
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• 2009

This study suggests a model for continuing and comprehensive management of hypertension or Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea. Moreover, this paper computed the contribution cost of hypertension or T2DM management using the healthcare medical cost, which could have occurred from stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that were successfully prevented from the effective hypertension or T2DM management. Additionally, these costs were compared with the cost of implementing the hypertension or T2DM management model suggested in this study. This study used the medical fee summary of the health insurance claims submitted to National Health Insurance Corporation by medical facilities for services provided during the period from January 1st 1999 to December 31st 2006. The prevalence rate with treatment referred to cases in which patients submitted their medical claims at least once during the period, along with an accordant diagnosis. The incidence rate with treatment referred to cases in which patients who never submitted claims for the accordant disease during the five years from 1999 to 2003 submitted claims for the accordant disease in 2004 and 2005. The relative risk of the occurrence of stroke, MI and ESRD was 11.0, 13.6, and 30.3, respectively. The attributable risk of hypertension or T2DM for stroke was 0.730, and that for MI and ESRD were 0.773 and 0.888, respectively. Based on these, the contribution cost of hypertension or T2DM is estimated to be 986.3 billion Korean Won(KRW) for stroke patients, 330.5 billion KRW for MI patients, and 561.7 billion KRW for ESRD patients as in 2005. Hence, the total contribution cost of hypertension or T2DM to stroke, MI, and ESRD is 1.878 trillion KRW. The estimate for operational costs included an annual expenditure of 50,000 KRW per each recipient and an annual subsidy of 0.22 million KRW per person for the 1.6 million low.income individuals with hypertension or T2DM to cover their out.of.pocket medical expenses. Under this assumption, it took approximately 0.6 trillion KRW to manage 5 million high.risk patients in the low. and mid.income range, coverings up to 50% of costs. In conclusion, considering the potential benefits of preventing stroke, MI, and ESRD, the costs seems to be reasonable.