• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

Newly constructed road is a requisite to be able to carry out BMPs (Best Management Practices) under TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load) program of the Ministry of Environment. BMPs require pollutant source control during road construction and wash off reduction plan as well as maintenance practices subsequent to construction on the purpose of discharging the minimum wash off non-point source pollutants. The objective of this study is to provide supportive discharged data in evaluating the discharged non-point pollutant load from a highway toll gate area. It can be applied to manage non-point source pollutants on roads. The results validate the first flush phenomenon that it is known to be one of the wash off characteristics in paved area. In addition, the load per unit area and load per unit rainfall duration applying EMC are calculated. The mean load per unit rainfall duration is assessed to be $533.7mg/m^2-hr$ for TSS, $396.2mg/m^2-hr$ for COD, $17.0mg/m^2-hr$ for TN, and $4.8mg/m^2-hr$ for TP. These results show the unitload taken from monitoring are higher than the unit load suggested in the TMDL. It is important to adopt real pollutant unit for road to be able to perform BMP successfully.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.2 s.175
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• pp.113-124
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• 2007

Low flow is a minimum flow discharging during a dry season in a unregulated stream which can be shared by nature and human being. It is also a standard flow that determines a diversion requirement by evaluating water supply ability of streamflow in the aspect of water use. Low flow indices are used as average low flow and 1-day 10-year low flow in Korea and Japan and as 7-day 10-year low flow in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. In this research, these three indices were compared by the data observed and generated. Although daily records are needed to calculate the low flow, gauging stations are limited and records of the dry season are insufficient in Korea. Drainage-area ratio method is mainly used in Korea to estimate the low flow. This research shows the guideline when the drainage-area ratio method, the regional regression method, and the baseflow correlation method to calculate the low flow of ungauged basins are applied and recommends low flow estimation method suitable to Korea.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

Indirect Test Method is often used instead of direct test method in test method for extinguishing performance of $CO_2$ extinguishing facility because of high cost, environment problems and difficulties of procedure. But in the danger facilities for a unit of nation, such as a petrochemical plant, a nuclear power plant, or etc. is better to verify the performance of the extinguishment through direct discharge test. In $CO_2$ extinguishing system for total flooding system installed in dangerous facilities in Korea, each protected area in surface fire and deep-seated fire had selected and verified of extinguishing performance of $CO_2$ extinguishing facilities. To get recognized as extinguishing performance, discharged $CO_2$ concentration to protected area should be equivalence with design concentration standards (NFSC and NFPA). The Design Concentration means that $CO_2$ extinguishing agent is considerate of concentration for percentage of allowance (20 %) from extinguishing concentration which available to control of flame. As test result, surface fire and deep seated fire in protected area is obtained $CO_2$ design concentration and maintained design concentration more than 20 minutes as deep-seated fire. Through this study, we introduced direct discharging test method and decision method. And furthermore, especially in the dangerous facilities as a unit of Nation, we suggested necessity about reliability of extinguishing facilities to use direct test method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-50
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• 1994

The Hydrogeologic data of 455 water wells comprising geologic log and aquifer test were analyzed to determine hydrogeologic characteristics of the Cheju island. The groundwater. of the Cheju island is occurred in unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits and crinker interbedded in highly jointed basaltic and andesic rocks as high level, basal and parabasal types under unconfined condition. The average transmissivity and specific yield of the aquifer are at about 29,300㎡/day and 0.12 respectively, The total storage of groundwater is estimated about 44 billion cubic meters. Average annual precipitation is about 3,390 million ㎥ among which average recharge is estimated for 1,494 million ㎥ being equivalent 44.1% of total annual precipitation with 638 million ㎥ of runoff and 1,256 million ㎥ of evapotranspiration. Based on groundwater budget analysis, the sustainable yield is about 620 million ㎥(41% of annual recharge)and rest is discharging into the sea. The geologic logs of recently drilled thermal water wells indicate that very low-permeable marine sediments(Sehwa-ri formation) composed of loosely cemented sandy silt derived from mainly volcanic ashes at the 1st stage volcanic activity of the area is situated at the 120${\pm}$68m below sea level. Another low-permeable sedimentary rock called Seogipo-formation which is deemed younger than the former marine sediment is occured at the area covering north-west and western part of the Cheju island at the ${\pm}$70m below sea level. If these impermeable beds art distributed as a basal formation of fresh water zone of the Cheju island, the most of groundwater in the Cheju island will be para-basal type. These formations will be one of the most important hydrogeologic boundary and groundwater occurences in the area.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2011

The discharge characteristics of the Seodo Mulgol Spring-the only groundwater-producing area in Dokdo-were evaluated by measurements of discharge rate and electrical conductivity (EC) on five occasions. The Seodo Mulgol Spring is fed by rainfall in upstream areas of the Mulgol cave, and the rainwater of the area moves down along cooling joints developed in trachyandesite II and trachyte, finally discharging at the Mulgol cave. The discharge rate of the Seodo Mulgol Spring varied from 1.12 to 7.02 $m^3/d$ during the study period and EC varied from 2,650 to 3,390 ${\mu}S/cm$, showing a sharp increase during heavy rainfall. The observed variations in discharge rate and EC at the Seodo Mulgol Spring are attributed to the relatively short distance between the recharge area and the Mulgol cave, and to the rapid movement of groundwater through columnar joints developed in trachyandesite II and trachyte. Additional discharge measurements, combined with precise rainfall data, are required at Dokdo to elucidate the discharge characteristics of the Seodo Mulgol Spring.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.4692-4697
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• 2014

A micro-grid including photovoltaic source and Li battery has been installed and operated for several years at the campus of USF and been used as a test bed. Photovoltaic power source has been strongly influenced by the location, weather and climate of the installed area. To compensate for the uncertainty of photovoltaic source's power output, a Li battery is connected directly to the photovoltaic source and supplies electric power to the grid. The Li battery is operated to supply power output to the grid according to the charging or discharging mode of the battery based on the average power output of the photovoltaic source, which is calculated from the monitored data for several years. The grid of the photovoltaic and Li battery system is operated as a severe loading condition and the operating characteristics of PV source and Li battery cells are analyzed in detail.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.211-221
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• 2017

Objectives : The practices of Wei-qi and Nutritive-qi are generally divided into external Mai and internal Mai. However, they are closely interrelated and practiced together. While taking these aspects into consideration, this paper attempts to make interpretations in relation with Nutritive-qi the disease pathogens that appear in Shanghanlun's disease symptoms. Methods : Using the practice and function of Nutritive-qi described in Huangdineijing, the paper shall make interpretations for the patterns of Mawhangtang, patterns of Gaejitang, and the pathologies of pain, oedema, and nosebleed as described in Shanghanlun. Results & Conclusions : The pain from the patterns of Gaejitang differ from that of the patterns of Mawhangtang. First, the pain from the the patterns of Gaejitang cannot be the main symptom. Even if there is a symptom of pain, it's severity is not serious. Second, the pain from the patterns of Gaejiang takes the form of stiffness, and not general bodily pain. The reason for this stiffness is because of the emptiness of Wei-qi that leads to the congestion of Nutritive-qi which in turn causes the lack of qi and blood flow in muscula area such as abdomins. The symptom of oedema where one's body becomes swollen comes from a number of pathogens. First, the flow of meridian becomes hindered due to external dampness, a character which tends to be adhesive when added with humidty, and this results in the blockage of water qi which then causes the coagulation of nutritive blood. Second, when toxic heat is repressed and blocked within the lesser-yang channel, lesser-yang meridian stops working, which causes nutritive blood to clog at the front and back of ears since lesser-yang channel flows through that portion of body. Third, although oedema is not specifically mentioned in the sentences, but there exists the patterns of Daechungyongtang where water lumps are formed due to the accumulation and blockage of watery dampness. The patterns of Daechungyongtang is cuased when meridian is hindered from externally discharging body fluid due to a problem with meridian that blocks the fumigated internal heat which turns into bodily fluid from being discharged externally.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.659-665
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• 2008

This thesis describes the key elements for efficient customs clearance system which can facilitate flow of maritime container cargo in the pier area of Busan port, on the basis of considering great changes on international trade environment, development of customs clearance system, variation of commercial container traffic, and diverse views originated from field experience in the distribution industry. To facilitate the flow of maritime containers, reform plan of bonded-transportation and import declaration is proposed to relieve the customs restriction during the days from discharging cargos to taking them into bonded warehouse. Also, various plans to strengthen maritime security, such as customs exam of high-risk export cargos in loading port, pre-declaration of transit container replacement, container tracing system, are proposed to improve Busan port's competitiveness in safety.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2005

Higher requirement of advanced building design code and the development of construction technique have resulted in more thermal and air tight buildings. This has caused the sick building syndrome in a indoor air quality has been relatively getting worse. A new concept with a solar fresh air heating and electrostatic precipitator or called as STCC(Solar Transpired Collector and Cyclone) has been proposed to solve this IAQ issue. This paper describes the assessment study of STCC system under different outdoor airflow rates. The experiment was carried out under real condition with 30CMM STCC system test facility. Incense smoke was used to study the particle concentration decay trends under outdoor airflow rates 0CMM, 10CMM, 20CMM, 30CMM, with applied voltages of 5kV and 15kV for collecting and discharging electrodes of an Electrostatic Precipitator. Result shows that the particle decay increases by increasing the outdoor airflow rates. The collection efficiency, dust cleaning effectiveness(P) and application area calculation result comparisons have also been studied. This factors could be used to estimate how a dust of indoor air quality(IAQ) and removed for a building space with a STCC system.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.671-682
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• 1998

Electrophysiological phenomena of pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus were recorded from and filled with neurobiotin in anesthetized rats. The electropharmacological properties of membrane as well as the cellular-synaptic generation of rhythmic slow activity (theta) were examined. The intracellular response characteristics of these pyramidal cells were distinctly different from responses of interneurons. Pyramidal cells had a high resting membrane potential, a low input resistance, and a large amplitude action potential. A afterhyperpolarization was followed a single action potential. Most of pyramidal cells did not display a spontaneous firing. Pyramidal cells displayed weak inward rectification and anodal break excitation. The slope of the frequency-current relation was 53.4 Hz/nA for the first interspike interval and 15.9 Hz/nA for the last intervals, suggesting the presence of spike frequency adaptation. Neurobiotin-filled neurons showed pyramidal morphology. Cells were generally bipolar dendritc processes ramifying in stratum lacunosum-moleculare, radiatum, and oriens. Commissural stimulation discharged pyramidal cells, followed by excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs). The frequency of theta-related membrane potential oscillation was voltage-independent in pyramidal neurons. At strong depolarization levels (less than 30 mV) pyramidal cells emitted sodium spike oscillation, phase-locked to theta. The observations provide direct evidence that theta-related rhythmic hyperpolarization of principal cells is brought by the rhythmically discharging interneurons. Furthermore, the findings in which interneurons were also paced by rhythmic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials during theta suggest that they were periodically hyperpolarized by their GABAergic septal afferents.