• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.525-530
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• 1998

Antifungal activities of cinnamaldehyde derivatives against various fungi were investigated using paper disc diffusion method. Among the derivatives tested, ${\alpha}-chlorocinnamaldehyde$ was stronger than cinnamaldehyde in antifungal activity and was effective in inhibiting the growth of the representative fungi of dermatomycosis with minimum inhibitory concentration of $9.76{\sim}19.5\;{\mu}g/ml$. A comparison of antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde derivatives revealed that antifungal action of cinnamaldehyde might be related to a basic structure of acrolein.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.596-604
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• 2019

Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes food poisoning, mainly via marine fisheries products. We investigated the virulence factors and drug resistance of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from fisheries products purchased from the Yeosu Fisheries Market. The isolates were identified using a variety of biochemical tests and the detection of toxR and hns gene. The presence of the virulence factor-encoding genes tdh and trh in the isolates was also investigated by PCR. The resistance of the isolates to 13 antibacterial agents was tested using the disc-diffusion method and carriage of β-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons by ampicillin-resistant isolates was investigated by PCR. Four of seventeen isolates identified as V. parahaemolyticus by biochemical tests produced a species-specific PCR band. Those isolates showed >98% 16S rRNA gene sequence homology with V. parahaemolyticus and only one isolate harbored the tdh gene. All of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin; moreover, VPA0477, a class A β-lactamase gene, and class 1 integrons were detected. Therefore, V. parahaemolyticus from fisheries products represents a low risk to human health. Also, V. parahaemolyticus is likely to develop multidrug resistance because it has class 1 integrons.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated antibacterial activity and nitric oxide production inhibitory effect of the methanol extract and its fractions from Paeoniae Radix. In antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion assay against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, the ethyl acetate fraction showed stronger antibacterial activity than other fractions and the extract. Moreover, the ethyl acetate fraction showed strong nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell. However, in NO scavenging ability, the chloroform fraction was higher than the other fractions and the extract. In the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against RAW 264.7 cell, the extract and fractions were exhibited normal LDH release level as nontoxic result without the ehtyl acetate fraction of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. As a result, the ethyl acetate fraction and chloroform fraction of the methanol extract from Paeoniae Radix could be applicable to functional materials for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory related fields, respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2018

Callophylum symingtonianum (Guttiferae), an evergreen broad-leaved tree that usually grows in hill forests, can be found distributed in the Malay Peninsula. The barks, leaves, flowers and seeds is often used medicinally to treat diarrhea and rheumatism. In the present study, we isolated two inophyllum type coumarins, 12-O-ethylinophyllum D (1) and iso-soulattrolide (2) from the stembarks of C. symingtonianum together with their antibacterial activity. The compounds were isolated by chromatographic methods on a silica gel. The structures were established by spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, (1D and 2D) NMR and mass spectrometry as well as by comparison with several literature sources. The antibacterial activity of those compounds was tested using a disc-diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both compound exhibited mild inhibition against P. aeruginosa with both $111{\mu}g/ml$ MIC value. Compound 2 also inhibits S. aureus with $25{\mu}g/ml$ MIC value.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 2016

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important opportunistic pathogen of dog and cats. Since 2006 there has been a significant emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) mainly due to clonal spread. The aim of this study was to investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and presence of mecA and femA gene in 91 S. pseudintermedius isolates isolated from dogs and cats associated with various clinic infections. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by oxacillin disc diffusion method. MRSP isolate was detected 19 isolates (20.9%). MRSP and methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) isolates were highly resistant to penicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and choloramphenicol (100~47.3% and 90.3~33.3%, respectively). About 90% of MRSP isolates were multi-drug resistance (resistance to at least five or more antimicrobials), and MSSP isolates was ca 74%. Among the 91 isolates, mecA gene was detected in 25 isolates (27.5%, 19 in MRSP isolates and 6 in MSSP isolates), but none carried the femA gene. Our results indicated MRSA isolates show a strong resistance to antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary medicine. A continuous surveillance and monitoring should be called for to prevent the contamination and spread of MRSP in dogs and cats.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.124-132
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the photosensitizer photogem with light-emitting diode (LED) on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Two VRE strains isolated from the feces of patients. that was identificated Enterococcus faecium (vanA) and Enterococcus gallinarum (vanC1) using traditional biochemical tests and confirmed VRE genotyping from using polymerase chain reaction. In addition, three strains were used Enterococcus. faecalis CDC-286 (vanA), E. faecalis CDC-583 (vanB) and E. gallinarum CDC-42 (vanC1). To examine the antimicrobial effect of photogem mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against, CFU quantification and Disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test were evaluated. The effects of Photodynamic therapy was not associated with genotype. Photogem mediated PDT perfectly inhibited the colony formation of E. faecalis CDC-286. The number of viable bacteria decreased greatly after PDT application with photogem $50{\mu}g/mL$ and energy density of $15J/cm^2$. The diameter of inhibition zone was increased to after PDT more than before PDT. The case of vancomycin disc on E. faecalis CDC-583 and E. galinanum-Patient were changed from resistant to intermediate resistant, from intermediate resistant to susceptable. These results demonstrate that lethal photosensitization of VRE can be achieved using photogem plus 630 nm LED irradiation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated on antioxidative activity, antibacterial activity against pathogens of acne and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in 75% EtOH extract and its fractions from bark of Prunus sargen tii. The total polyphenol and flavonoidcontent of the EtOAc fraction were found to be 378.0 mg/g and 67.5 mg/g as the highest content. In the measurement of DPPH radical scavenging ability, EtOAc and BuOH fraction were exhibited stronger scavenging ability than the other fractions and 75% EtOH extract. In antibacterial activity by disc diffusion assay against pathogen of acne, antibacterial activity of the EtOAc fraction and 75% EtOH extract was stronger than the other fractions. Especially, the EtOAc fraction was the highest effective fraction in the antibacterial activity. Moreover, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and 75% EtOH extract was higher than the other fractions. In particular, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the EtOAc fraction showed higher activity than ascorbic acid used as positive control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.144-144
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• 1993

한국에서 유행하는 페염균 type을 결정하기 위한 기초 실험을 수행하여 서울대병원과 서울중앙병원의 환자로부터 분리한 88개의 폐염균주를 담즙산에 의한 용해도 및 Optochin에 대한 민감성 등을 측정하고 폐염균의 type을 결정하기 위해서 Double diffusion, Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, Rocket immunoelectrophoresis 방법 등으로 폐염균 항혈청과 반응하였다. 또한 ATCC로부터 구입한 폐염균주를 이용하여 배지조성의 변화에 따른 폐염균 생장을 측정하기 위해 CAT broth, Brain Heart Infusion broth, Defined Media에서 3가지 type의 균주(Type I, III, IV)를 접종하고 37$^{\circ}C$에서 배양하면서 1시간마다 550nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. 3가지 type (Type I, III, IV)의 폐염균주로부터 협막다당류를 phenol Iysis 추출법으로 폐염균 Capsule 다당류의 분리하여 Total Sugar 함량, Uronic acid 함량, 0-Acetyl 함량, 단백질 함량, 핵산 함량, 분자량분포 Countr-current immunoelectrophoresis 등을 실시하여 폐염균 백신 규격에 부합되는지 확인하였다. 수집한 88개의 폐염균주가 모두 담즙산에 의해 용해되고 6mm Optochin disc를 사용하였을때 성장 저지원이 모두 14mm 이상으로 나타나 감수성이 있어서 폐염균임을 확인하였으며 폐염균의 type 결정에 필요한 방법을 설정하였다. 배지조성에 따른 폐염균의 생장을 측정한 결과 CAT broth 에서는 Type I만이 잘 배양되었고 Type III, IV는 늦게 배양되었으나, Brain Heart Infusion broth에서는 3가지 Type이 모두 잘 배양되었고, Defined Media 에서는 Type I만이 성장되었을 뿐 나머지 두 Type은 배양되지 않았다. 본 실험방법으로 분리된 폐염균 다당류는 폐염균 백신 규격중의 6가지 항목에서 적합하였으며 Statens(Denmark)로부터 구입한 항체와 뚜렷한 침강선을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-119
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• 2007

The antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance patterns of 67 eae positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs were investigated by disc diffusion method. Sixty-seven E. coli isolated from pigs showed susceptibility to Ceftiofur (98.5%), Lincomycin+Spectinomycin (74.6%), Danofloxacin (73.1%), Enrofloxacin (64.2%), and Neomycin (41.8%). However, the multiple resistance patterns were also seen in eae+E. coli isolates. Neomycin+Tylosin+Penicillin+Tetracycline, Tylosin+Penicillin+Tetracycline, and Neomycin+Tylosin+Danofloxacin+Penicillin+Tetracycline+Enrofloxacinwere the most prevalent patterns of multiple antibiotic resistance.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

A total of five compounds namely, 2-methylanthracene-9, 10-dione (1), 1-hydroxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (2), $\beta$-sitosterol (3), stigmasterol (4) and sitosterone (5) were isolated from the stem extracts of Polygonum lanatum for the first time. The structures of the isolated compounds (1-5) were established by extensive spectroscopic studies, including 2D NMR such as $^{1}H-^{1}H$ COSY, HSQC and HMBC studies. The crude extracts and purified compound (1) were screened for antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi by the disc diffusion method. The n-hexane and dichloromethane soluble partitionates of the methanolic extract revealed mild to moderate inhibition of growth of the test organisms. The cytotoxic potential of the extractives and compound 1 was also determined by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where the extractives demonstrated significant cytotoxic activities.