• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

Many pharmaceutical products are available through prescription (Rx) only status. As a result, access to physicians and insurance coverage play a key role in the use of these products, and therefore may affect the population to whom advertising is targeted at. The movement of pharmaceutical products from prescription (Rx) to Over-the-Counter (OTC), or Rx-to-OTC switch changes the cost of acquiring the drug and therefore may change the incentives manufacturers have at targeting particular population segments. This study examines whether Rx-to-OTC switch changes the frequency and the distribution of who is exposed to pharmaceutical advertising. Using an archive of pharmaceutical advertisements and National Consumer Survey, this study examines how individuals with particular demographic characteristics are exposed to pharmaceutical advertisements before and after drugs are moved from Rx to OTC. The results provide evidence that individual's advertising exposure increases after Rx-to-OTC switch. Moreover, the increase in advertising exposure is greater for the low socioeconomic status (SES) consumers which implies they may get more information about the disease, treatment and product after the Rx-to-OTC switch through advertising. If low SES consumers have more exposure to the advertising after products switched to OTC, then FDA policies regulating this switch should recognize the potential role of advertising providing access to health-related information.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.87-98
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• 2022

Purpose: The is study aimed to examine the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on reasoned action and brand equity on Generation Z in Vietnam. Research design, data and methodology: A quantitative study was undertaken on 302 Generation Z members. The data for the study was collected using a Google Form-based questionnaire from December 2021 to January 2022. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, and structural equation modeling were among the data analysis techniques employed. The results: The results show that consumer ethnocentrism has a direct positive impact on reasoned action (subjective norms and attitude toward domestic goods) as well as an indirect positive impact on brand equity, including brand awareness, brand quality, and brand image. Major findings: According to the findings of this study, governments should continue to push propaganda and advocacy programs, call for national pride and encourage home consumers to support and use domestic goods. Domestic brands must strengthen their ties to the community and invest in community-oriented programs that promote domestic consumption. Vietnam's domestic fashion brands need to promote the exploitation of community-oriented and nationalistic content to call on domestic consumers to support them to consume domestic brands.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2016

A number of studies in recent years of have begun to look at the connection between country affinity (an interest in and admiration of a particular country) and a desire to buy the products and services of that country. Country affinity has been shown to be particularly important when consumers lack other sources of information about a good or service. However, except for direct questioning, methods to identify the affinity consumers might have for another country are lacking. This study examines the degree to which attending a movie set in a particular country will be related to an affinity for that country and possibly by extension the goods and services of that country. It is not the goal of this study to suggest that movies create the affinity, but rather that that the affinity will exist for viewers of the films. Two films set in Ireland and featuring Irish actors where shown to audiences composed of Korean students and a small number of Korean adults. As a point of comparison, students in two introductory consumer classes were also asked to complete a similar questionnaire. Four affinity factors were identified from a list of 17 items. Those who attended the historical drama showed a greater affinity for Ireland than those who attended the romantic musical. Affinity for Ireland among Koreans was also meaningful in predicting interest in purchasing Irish products.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.93-110
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• 2017

This study aims at classifying and analyzing the business models of reverse overseas direct purchasing through online shopping-malls. After analyzing the current status of the reverse overseas direct purchasing online markets, this study identifies relevant critical business factors and synthesizes prior studies to construct and analyse the business models. This study proposes that the business models can be classified into five types according to the operation modes and three types according to the delivery methods. So theoretically 15 business models can be identified. For each business model this study analyzes the characteristics and the pros & cons. It also suggests deployment strategies for companies by considering cost reduction, brand establishment, customer management, customer aquisition, and easiness from the business perspective. From the customers perspective, cost reduction, reliability, royalty, ease to purchase, and accessibility can be considered according to the types of operation mode. The main contribution of this study is to provide the basic classifications and structures of reverse overseas direct purchasing business models systematically. As the result, our study evaluates the business models that which one is better than others in a situation in terms of company and customer. Lastly, we talk about limits and future prospects of the study.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.211-222
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• 2021

Green economy, also known as sustainable economy, is a current development trend in which consumers prefer products that are wholly or partly derived from materials of biological origin since they have become more concerned about their health and the environment in which they live. This study aims to examine consumer behavior toward bio-based products with three key goals in mind. First, it helps to understand the perception of consumers toward Bio-based products. Second, it properly helps consumers be aware of products derived from materials of biological origin so that the consumer can make purchasing decisions to protect their health and contribute to the protection of the environment. Third, the study on consumer behavior towards bio-based products will provide a more accurate view and assessment to companies looking to develop Bio-based products. Based on that, the research is carried out through surveying, collecting data from consumers, and then using the deductive approach, descriptive statistics, and quantitative method analysis. The results demonstrated that a positive relationship and a direct impact are established between the variables of Attitude and Social Norms and the Purchase Intention toward Bio-based products. Furthermore, the findings reveal that customers have positive feelings towards bio-based products in terms of trust, knowledge, and the environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1277-1289
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• 2010

This study investigates the effects of e-CRM on consumer satisfaction and repurchase intention depending on gender differences. A total of 400 surveys were distributed and 382 were used in the analysis. Surveys were conducted on the respondents who had purchased apparel from an internet website within six months. A factor analysis, reliability test, and path analysis were used in the study to analyze the data. After the factor analysis, 6 factors were found under e-CRM activities; benefit and advice, customer contact, service, post-purchase management, assistance with the purchase, and discriminative treatment. The results of this study showed that for male consumers, service and post-purchase management had a positive effect on consumer satisfaction that in turn had a positive effect on repurchase intention. However, for female consumers, benefit and advice, customer contact, service, and discriminative treatment had a positive effect on consumer satisfaction that in turn had a positive effect on repurchase intention. The results also showed that post-purchase management had a positive direct effect on repurchase intention for both genders.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.246-259
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• 2023

This study explores the evolving landscape of consumer experiences in the context of pop-up stores, considering the shifts from product economy to service economy and now the experience economy. It investigates the factors influencing consumer word-of-mouth intentions by examining the interplay of pop-up store experiences, brand equity, brand charisma, and verbal intent. Using Schmitt's strategic experience modules and the Aaker brand equity model, the study employs quantitative methods and data analysis to uncover the relationships among these variables. Surprisingly, it finds limited associations between the aspects of the pop-up store experience and brand equity. However, it highlights the direct impact of brand equity on brand charisma, which subsequently influences consumers' intentions to share brand-related information. This research contributes to our understanding of word-of-mouth marketing for pop-up stores, filling a knowledge gap and offering valuable insights for academics and businesses navigating the evolving marketing landscape. It also emphasizes the significance of brand charisma in the context of transient in-store experiences and evolving consumer preferences.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2009

Recently, IPTV attracts great attention along with the digital convergence of communication and media technologies. This study examined critical factors on the consumer's continued use of the IPTV service. Based on the expectation-confirmation theory and the innovation diffusion theory, we derived nine key factors in the research model-relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use, image, diversity of contents, interactivity, monetary value, social influence, and user satisfaction. Using the partial least square method, we found that content diversity and compatibility have a significant indirect effect on the continued use of the IPTV service via user satisfaction, and user satisfaction and social influence also have a significant direct impact on the IPTV use. These findings not only provide practical insights on the consumer acceptance of new technology-converging services, but also help managers to plan their marketing strategies better.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.79-100
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• 2009

Recently, most tech-based products are of multiple generations, since new-generation products are replacing the older ones as technologies continue to improve. Although, this means that research is needed to examine as much about the role of post-adoption behavior as the missing link between the adoptions of successive generation as first adoption of innovation, there is a dearth of literature explicitly examining consumers' post-adoption behavior, especially in the context of subscription-based service. For the subscription-based services, in spite of the important role of consumer satisfaction, research on the post-adoption behavior can not carefully examine the direct impact of consumer satisfaction on their decision to upgrade by considering usage instead of satisfaction as the missing link between buyers' first adoption and their next-generation adoption. This study identified two types of attribute satisfaction such as basic attribute and core attribute using both literature review and FGI (Focus Group Interview), and tries to investigate how two types of attribute satisfaction has influence on customers' intention to upgrade to the next-generation services. and a moderating role of customer loyalty between attribute satisfaction and intention. The empirical results show that core-attribute satisfaction has a negative influence on customers' intention to upgrade, due to the moderating role of customer loyalty, but it can raise their intention to upgrade next-generation services. However, basic-attribute satisfaction, on the other hand, appears to positively influence both customer loyalty and the intention to upgrade. We also find that the consumer attribute satisfaction is influenced by consumer innovativeness, her perception of service and the usage of each features' type in different ways. Finally, academic and practical implication is made, limitation is clarified and a direction for further studies is suggested.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.405-425
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• 2019

Objective: This study aimed to review the methodologies for evaluation of consumer spray products containing engineered nanomaterials (ENM), particularly focusing on inhalation exposure. Method: Literature on the evaluation methods for aerosolized ENM exposure from consumer spray products were collected through academic web searching. Common methodologies used in the literature, including research reports and academic articles, were also introduced. Results: The number of ENM-containing products have shown a considerable increase over recent years, from 54 in 2005 to 1,827 in 2018. Currently there is still discussion over the existing regulations with regard to product safety. Analysis of both ENM suspensions in the products and their aerosols is important for risk assessment. Comparison between the phases suggests how the size and concentration of particles change during the spray process. To analyze the ENM suspensions, dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy techniques, and inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry were used. In the aerosol monitoring, direct-reading instruments have been used to monitor the aerosols and conventional active sampling is used together to supplement the lack of real-time monitoring. There are also some models for estimating inhalation exposure. These models may be used to estimate mass exposure to nanomaterials contained in consumer products. Conclusion: Although there is no standardized method to evaluate ENM exposure from consumer products, many concerns about ENM have emerged. Every potential measure to reduce exposure to ENM from spray product use should be implemented through a precautionary recognition.