• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2015

Objectives Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. However, there is still no consensus on their risk of tardive movement syndromes especially for first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs)-naïve patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of SGAs-related tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia in patients with bipolar disorder, in a naturalistic out-patient clinical setting. Methods The authors assessed 78 non-elderly patients with bipolar (n = 71) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 7) who received SGAs with a combined use of mood stabilizers for more than three months without previous exposure to FGAs. Multiple direct assessments were performed and hospital records longer than one recent year describing any observed tardive movement symptoms were also reviewed. Results The prevalence rates of tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia were 7.7% and 6.4%, respectively. These patients were being treated with ziprasidone, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or paliperidone at the time of the onset of the movement symptoms. Tardive dyskinesia was mostly observed in the orolingual area, and tardive dystonia was most frequently detected in oromandibular area. A past history of acute dystonia was significantly associated with presence of both tardive movement syndromes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that SGAs-related tardive movement syndromes occur in a substantial portion of bipolar disorder patients. Acute dystonia, a reported risk factor of tardive movement syndromes in the era of FGAs is confirmed as a risk factor of both tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia that were induced-by SGAs.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.174-179
• /
• 2009

To track moving tumor in real time, CyberKnife system imports a technique of the synchrony respiratory tracking system. The fiducial marker which are detectable in X-ray images were demand in CyberKnife Robotic radiosurgery system. It issued as reference markers to locate and track tumor location during patient alignment and treatment delivery. Fiducial marker implantation is an invasive surgical operation that carries a relatively high risk of pneumothorax. Most recently, it was developed a direct lung tumor registration method that does not require the use of fiducials. The purpose of this study is to measure the accuracy of target applying X-sight lung tracking using the Gafchromic film in dynamic moving thorax phantom. The X-sight Lung Tracking quality assurance motion phantom simulates simple respiratory motion of a lung tumor and provides Gafchromic dosimetry film-based test capability at locations inside the phantom corresponding to a typical lung tumor. The total average error for the X-sight Lung Tracking System with a moving target was $0.85{\pm}0.22$ mm. The results were considered reliable and applicable for lung tumor treatment in CyberKnife radiosurgery system. Clinically, breathing patterns of patients may vary during radiation therapy. Therefore, additional studies with a set real patient data are necessary to evaluate the target accuracy for the X-sight Lung Tracking system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2002

RPM is the one of the sensor models which is proposed by Open GIS Consortium (OGC) as image transfer standard. And it is the sensor model for end-users using IKONOS, a commercial pushbroom satellite, imagery which provide about 1m ground resolution. Parameters called RPC which is IKONOS RFM coefficients are serviced to end-users. But if some users try to make additional effort to get rigorous geo-spatial information, it is necessary to apply mathematic or abstract sensor models, because vendors don't offer any ancillary data for physical sensor models such as satellite orbit and navigation. Abstract sensor models such as pushbroom Direct Linear Transform (DLT) require many GCPs well distributed in imagery, and mathematic sensor model such as RFM, polynomials need much more GCPs. Therefore RPC modification using additional a few GCPs is the best solution. In this paper, two methods are proposed to modify RPC. One is method to use pseudo GCPs generated in normalized cubic, and another method uses parameters observations and a few GCPs. Through two methods, we get improvement of accuracy 50% and over.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.179-184
• /
• 2003

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common hereditary neuromuscular disease. It is inherited manifestations. In some rare cases, the disease can also be manifested in females. The aim of the present study was to determine the molecular alteration in two cases of nonrelated DMD symptomatic carriers with no previous history of DMD. Multiplex PCR is commonly used to search for deletion in the DMD gene of affected males. This method could not be used in females because the normal X chromosome masks the deletion of the mutated one. Therefor, we used a set of seven highly polymorphic dinucleotide $(CA)_n$ repeat markers that lie within the human dystrophin gene. The deletions were evidenced by hemizygosity of the loci under study. We localized a deletion in the locus 7A (intron 7) on the maternal X chromosome in one case, and a deletion in the region of introns 49 and 50 on the paternal X chromosome in the other. The use of microsatellite genotyping within the DMD gene enables the detection of the mutant allele in female carriers. It is also a useful method to provide DMD families with more accurate genetic counseling.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.265-291
• /
• 2011

Changes in a drug's availability from prescription only to over-the-counter (OTC) status is of concern to physicians from both public health and individual patient perspectives. Government has generally been supportive of changes in medications from prescription(Rx) to over-the-counter (OTC) status in Korea, however, recognizing that there are both benefits and risks to any health care intervention, health care professionals are conservative in implementing changes to either the process or structure of health care. Changes in status of a drug from Rx to OTC can represent a change in both structure and process. Cost and convenience seem to be major factors in determining whether, given the choice, patients purchase a medicine over the counter or obtain it on prescription. With current arrangements, exemption from prescription charges provides an incentive to continue to obtain products on NHS prescription even when they are available over the counter. There is therefore no simple relation between the availability of over the counter medicines and the level of prescribing of deregulated products. The appropriate use of over the counter medicines-particularly those that have only recently been deregulated-places a burden of care on community pharmacists and calls for closer working relationships with general practitioners. In particular, systems for referral and for recording details of both prescribed and over the counter medicines need to be developed, and a direct route needs to be established for community pharmacists to report adverse drug reactions to over the counter products. Reclassification of prescription medicines-by making them available through pharmacies without a prescription-provides the opportunity for consumers to purchase a wider range of medicinal products without making a demand on NHS resources. There is, however, no simple relation between availability of over the counter medicines and demand for NHS prescriptions. In the late 1980s the UK government fuelled the over the counter market by making it easier to reclassify certain medicines from prescription only status to allow over the counter sale in pharmacies. To explore the influence of deregulation of medicines on NHS prescribing, this article presents analyses of consumer behaviour in using medicines and prescribers' attitudes to over the counter medication and collates findings from research. Policy makers should be aware that patients' expectations in relation to OTC medicines may be in conflict with evidence-based practice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.313-320
• /
• 2012

Current medical institutions with the development of medical technology to the increased demand for health use of radiation equipment is increasing rapidly. Direct radiation from the patient receives the aim of reducing exposure as much as possible is important and the spatial dose of scattered radiation with in the space to engage in reducing healthcare physician, radiation workers and carers need to reduce indirect exposure. X-ray radiation workers and caregivers in the X-ray room to wearing of protective clothing is advised. However Radiation worker sand caregivers of patients with secondary is done, by wearing protective clothing to wear protective clothing because of the weight and discomfort have been neglected. In this study, based on the presence or absence of clothing scattered radiation from space to measure distances, depending on the horizontal and height by measuring the angle of the importance of wearing protective clothing were investigated.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.134-140
• /
• 2006

Because shipyard workers are involved with various manufacturing process in shipyard industry, and they are exposed to many kinds of hazardous materials. Especially, painting workers were exposed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). This study was conducted to assess the exposure status of PAH based on job-exposure matrix. We investigated the effect of genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes involved in PAH metabolism on levels of urinary metabolite. A total of 93 shipbuilding workers were recruited in this study. Questionnaire variables were age, sex, use of personal protective equipment, smoking, drinking, and work duration. The urinary metabolite was collected in the afternoon and corrected by urinary creatinine concentration. The genotypes of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and UGT1A6 were investigated by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly higher in direct exposured group (spray and touch-up) than indirect exposed group. Urinary 1-OHP, concentration of the high exposure with wild type of UGT1A6 was significantlyhigher than that of the high exposure with other UGT1A6 genotype. In multiple regression analysis of urinary 1-OHP, the regression coefficient of job grade was statistically significant (p<0.05) and UGT1A6 was not significant but a trend (p<0.1). The grade of exposure affected urinary PAH concentration was statistically significant. But genetic polymorphism of xenobiotics metabolism enzymes was not statistically significant. Further investigation of genetic polymorphism with large sample size is needed.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.708-725
• /
• 2017

Ionizing radiation is enough energy to interact with matter to remove orbital electrons, neutrons, and protons in the atom. Ionizing radiation like this leads to oxidizing metabolism that alter molecular structure through direct and indirect interactions of radiation with the deoxyribonucleic acid in the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles or via products of cytoplasm radiolysis. These ionization can result in tissue damage and disruption of cellular function at the molecular level. Consequently, ionizing radiation-induced modifications of ion channels and transporters have been reported. When the harmful effects exceed those of homeostatic biochemical processes, induced biological changes persist and may be propagated to progeny cells. Also, Reactive oxygen species formed on the effect of ionizing radiation can get across into neighboring cells through the cell junctions that are responsible for intercellular chemical communication, and may there bring about changes characteristic to radiation damage. Depending on radiation dose, dose-rate and quality, these protective mechanisms may or may not be sufficient to cope with the stress. This paper briefly reviewed reports on ionization radiation effects on cellular level that support the concept of radiation biology. A better understanding of the biological effects of ionizing radiation will lead to better use of and better protection from radiation.

• Information Systems Review
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.21-46
• /
• 2012

Organizations that make widely use of information technologies can be more efficient. But, the dependence of information technologies leads to an increase in threat of security. This is the reason why organizations are investing in security risk management (SRM) which is designed to protect of information assets. Noting a lack of empirical research in SRM, we investigate the key factors having a direct effect on performance of SRM. Particularly, this study focused on identifying factors influencing awareness of SRM and Intention to develop SRM in Organization. Based on relevant literature review, six motivating factors, including Behavior for Security Management, Compliance with Security Policy, perceived Benefits, Perceived Sacrifice, Social Pressure, Experience of Security Risks, were initially identified. The results indicated that most perception factors were positively related to Organization's intention to develop SRM and awareness of SRM, which then had positive impact on performance of SRM. But Perceived Sacrifice was not significantly related to two variables which is Organization's intention to develop SRM and awareness of SRM.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2009

Location based Services in the ubiquitous computing environment, namely u-LBS, use very large and skewed spatial objects that are closely related to locational information. It is especially essential to achieve fast search, which is looking for POI(Point of Interest) related to the location of users. This paper examines how to search large and skewed POI efficiently in the u-LBS environment. We propose the Dynamic-level Grid based R-Tree(DGR-Tree), which is an index for point data that can reduce the cost of stationary POI search. DGR-Tree uses both R-Tree as a primary index and Dynamic-level Grid as a secondary index. DGR-Tree is optimized to be suitable for point data and solves the overlapping problem among leaf nodes. Dynamic-level Grid of DGR-Tree is created dynamically according to the density of POI. Each cell in Dynamic-level Grid has a leaf node pointer for direct access with the leaf node of the primary index. Therefore, the index access performance is improved greatly by accessing the leaf node directly through Dynamic-level Grid. We also propose a K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN) algorithm for DGR-Tree, which utilizes Dynamic-level Grid for fast access to candidate cells. The KNN algorithm for DGR-Tree provides the mechanism, which can access directly to cells enclosing given query point and adjacent cells without tree traversal. The KNN algorithm minimizes sorting cost about candidate lists with minimum distance and provides NEB(Non Extensible Boundary), which need not consider the extension of candidate nodes for KNN search.