• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.2 s.87
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• pp.24-30
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• 2006

The photosensitive spiroxazine compound and the electrosensitive viologen compound were prepared to examine their practical application feasibilities and behaviors. These dyes represent corresponding chromism effects related to their own characteristics of the dye molecules. Thus, the prepared dyes were characterized and their absorption spectra were also investigated. Besides, an interest on direct spiroxazine exhaustion to the polyamide substrates and its photochromic effects within the fiber molecules were determined. The photochromic reaction on the substrates was clearly observed and its reversible decoloration behaviors responded.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Ion-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) have recently used in developing fuel cell or solar cell for portable, mobile and residential applications [1]. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), alkaline electrolyte fuel cell (AFC) and dye-sensitized solar cell have been employing the ion-conducting PEMs to complete their electrical circuits to produce electricity.(omitted)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1994

A procedure for the direct detection of (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanase isozymes in electrophoresis gels was developed. The procedure employed the commercial preparation of AZCL-pachyman as a chromogenic substrate for (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanases. The procedure detected the three basic isozymes which have been known to be expressed in germinating barley kernels. A major acidic and a minor isozymes were also detected in germinating kernels. The procedure was proved to be fast, simple and sensitive enough to be used for the analysis of the expression of (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanase isozymes in plant tissues. The detection limit of the procedure for the commercial preparation of Penicillium (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanase was estimated to be as low as 50$\mu$U. The procedure could be used for the investigation of (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanases in laboratories facilitated with ordinary equipments and research personnel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.409-428
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• 1994

Endodontic surgery is performed when conventional endodontic therapy fails or is contraindicated. In such cases, retrograde filling materials including amalgam, composite resin, and various cements have been used. Biocompatibilty and margin sealing ability of retrograde filling materials are important for the long term success of endodontic surgery. In vitro cell culture is frequently used as the method of measuring the biocompatibilty of dental materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of six kinds of retrograde filling materials including newly developed light curing glass ionomer cements. Each material was mixed according to. the manufacture's instruction and evaluated as : freshly mixed, 24-hour after mixing, and 168-hour after mixing respectively. The elution solution was extracted after 24-hour contact with materials using media. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by direct contact, or elution contact. Test results of radiochromium($^{51}Cr$) release, cell viability using tetrazolium dye (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl dimethyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) test and lactate dehydrogenase(LD) of damaged L929 cells were analyzed. In the $^{51}Cr$ release of direct contact, all experimental retrograde filling materials except amalgam and glass ionomer cement showed increased cytotoxicity compared to control. In the $^{51}Cr$ release of elution solution, the released $^{51}Cr$ was so minimal that it was impossible. to evlauate the cytotoxicity exactly. The elution solutions of glass ionomer cement and IRM showed marked cytotoxicity in MTT test. LD enzyme activity was highest in tests of direct contact with composite, light curing composite, and light curing glass ionomer cement and IRM. Amalgam revealed least cytotoxicity while IRM showed cytotoxicity using all three methods. Composite, light curing composite and light curing glass iomomer cement were cytotoxic in the tests of $^{51}Cr$ release and LD activity. Glass ionomer cement showed cytotoxic effect only in the MTT method. From these results it is suggested that the standardization and optimization of cytotoxicity testing, especially using elution solutions, should be strongly advised.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.334-346
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• 1997

Incidence of using esthetic composite resin in the posterior area is increasing but there were lots of inconsistent reports about their microleakage and marginal adaptation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences of microleakage and marginal adaptation according to restorative techniques. 30 cavities with enamel gingival margin were prepared and restored with 3 types of composite resin [Z-100($Scotchbond^{TM}$ MP), AELITEFIL ($Onestep^{TM}$), Her culite XRV(Fuji BOND LC)] in direct technique and another 30 cavities were restored with preformed CR inlays and 3 different modern resin and resin-modified GI cements (Superbond C&B, Choice, Fuji Duet). Samples were chemically stressed in 75% ethanol for 24 hours and were thermocycled (5-$55^{\circ}C$(500 times. The degree of microleakage through proximal and gingival margins was examined by 1 % MB dye and the degree of marginal adaptation by examining the margins via SEM. The following results were obtained ; 1. In direct groups, Herculite XRV [Fuji BOND LC, 35.13 (15.50) %] group showed statistically different, less microleakage than Z-100 [$Scotchbond^{TM}$ MP, 72.91 (16.91 %] group and AELITEFIL [One-step, 93.73 (13.66) %] group (p<0.05). 2. In indirect groups, the degree of microleakage in Mean(S.D.) were: Super bond C & B [39.00 (24.35) %], Choice [57.19 (33.80) %], Fuji Duet [58.22 (40.36) %]. But there was no significant difference. 3. There was no significant difference between resin cement and resin-modified GI cement. 4. There were gaps at the interface with the tooth structure, but no gap was seen at the interface with restoration in all specimens. 5. In direct groups, Herculite XRV(Fuji BOND LC) group made little gap compared with other groups, but 40-$50{\mu}m$ thickness of bonding agent, Fuji BOND LC, looked like a cement used in indirect technique. 6. All indirect groups showed a variety of cement thickness, from less than $20{\mu}m$ to over $100{\mu}m$ and that dimension of buccal/lingual margin was less than that of gingival margin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.190.1-190.1
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• 2016

One of the most serious problems faced by billions of people today is the availability of fresh water. According to statistics, 15% of the world's total output of dye products is discharged into the environment as dye wastewater, which seriously pollutes groundwater resources. For the treatment of chemically and biologically contaminated water the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) shows the promising action. The main advantage with AOPs is the ability to degrade the organic pollutants to $CO_2$ and $H_2O$. For this degradation process the AOPs generation of powerful and non-selective radicals that may oxidize majority of the organic pollutants present in the water body. To generate the various reactive chemical species such as radicals (${\bullet}OH$, ${\bullet}H$, ${\bullet}O$, ${\bullet}HO_2$) and molecular species ($H_2O_2$, $H_2$, $O_2$) in large amount in water, we have used the atmospheric pressure plasma. Among the reactive and non-reactive species, the hydroxyl radical (${\bullet}OH$) plays important role due to its higher oxidation potential (E0: 2.8 V). Therefore, in this work we have checked the degradation of various dyes such as methyl orange, methylene blue and congo red using different type of atmospheric pressure plasma sources (Indirect jet and direct jet). To check the degradation we have used the UV-visible spectroscopy, HPLC and LC-MS spectroscopy. Further, to estimate role of ${\bullet}OH$ on the degradation of dyes we have studied the molecular dynamic simulation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2003

A model system for the immnunochemical detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using a combined immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and test-strip liposome immunoassay (LIA) procedure was developed. Immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-E. coli O157 IgG antibodies were used to separate the E. coli O157 (including the H7 serotype) from culture. Immunoliposomes, whose surface was conjugated to goat anti-E. coli O157:H7 IgG and which encapsulated the marker dye, sulforhodamine B, were used as a detection label. The test strip, onto which antibodies to goat IgG were immobilized, was the immunosensor capturing immunoliposomes that did not bind to E. coli O157:H7 on the immunomagnetic bead-E. coli O157:H7 complexes. In experiments, pure cell culture suspensions of $10^5 E.$ coli O157:H7 organisms per ml produced a measurable signal inhibition, whereas a weak yet detectable signal inhibition occurred with $10^3CFU/ml$. The inhibition signals increased, when the incubation time for IMS was extended to 90 min and higher IgG-tag density (0.4mol%) was used on the liposomes. With 0.2 and 0.4mol% IgG-tagged liposomes, the IMS-LIA procedure showed more improved signal inhibitions than those of a direct (no IMS) LIA. The combined assay, which measures the instantaneous signal from immunoliposomes, can be completed within 90 min, making it significantly faster than conventional plating methods and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Accordingly, it is quite feasible to use the combined immunoassay format of IMS and dye-loaded immunoliposomes for the detection of E. coli O157:H7.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.485-491
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• 2012

Due to increase in production of the domestic textile industry, energy consumption in textile industry is still growing. Traditional dyeing machine has high temperature and pressure. Accordingly, it uses an indirect cooling system that utilize a heat exchanger to cool after the dyeing. However, this indirect cooling system consumes a great deal of water, takes prolonged periods of time to process and, most importantly, because of the condensing of the dye at the cooling stage requires further energy in reduction cleaning and washing process. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a direct cooling washing machine that replaces the traditional indirect cooling system to provide coolant into the dyeing machine. The newly proposed direct cooling washing machine will still use parts of the traditional dying but will be able to skip the cooling as well as the reduction cleaning and washing process, resulting in less processing time and lower energy consumption. Also, we made a prototype. The prototype was applied to dyeing machine to test the direct cooling washing machine's ability and dyeing property. Additionally, we compared indirect cooling washing machine with direct cooling washing machine about ability, material and energy saving assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1682-1688
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• 2007

The effects of cultivar and DAPs on the lignin content and dyeability of the kenaf fibers were investigated. Four kenaf fiber samples were prepared from two cultivars, Tainung 2 and Everglades 41, and their 60 and 120 DAPs(days after planting) for the experiments. The lignin contents of the kenaf fibers of Tainung 2(T2) and Everglades 41(E41) were $11.29{\sim}12.78%$. Both T2 and E41 kenaf fibers had comparable amount of lignin, and klason lignin of the fibers was $2.5{\sim}3$ times as much as much as acid-soluble lignin. In both T2 and E41, 120 DAPs kenaf have 1% more lignin than 60 DAPs kenaf. The moisture regains of the four kenaf fiber samples were almost the same as $10.25{\pm}0.05%$. The absorbances of residual solution after dyeing for $1{\sim}180$ minutes with Red 81 at maximum wavelength 520 nm and Green 26 at 600 nm were measured. Comparing to Green 26, the dyeing rate of Red 81 was rapid and equilibrium state was reached in 12 minutes. The CIE $L^*,\;a^*, \;b^*,\;{\Delta}E$ and K/S values of the kenaf fibers dyed with Red 81 and Green 26 were measured as well. The dye exhaustion ratio of 60 DAPs kenaf was higher than that of 120 DAP.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.993-994
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• 2008

Electrochromic (EC) devices are capable of reversibly changing their optical properties upon charge injection and extraction induced by the external voltage. The characteristics of the EC device, such as low power consumption, high coloration efficiency, and memory effects under open circuit status, make them suitable for use in a variety of applications including smart windows and electronic papers. Coloration due to reduction or oxidation of redox chromophores can be used for EC devices (e-paper), but the switching time is slow (second level). Recently, with increasing demand for the low cost, lightweight flat panel display with paper-like readability (electronic paper), an EC display technology based on dye-modified $TiO_2$ nanoparticle electrode was developed. A well known organic dye molecule, viologen, was adsorbed on the surface of a mesoporous $TiO_2$ nanoparticle film to form the EC electrode. On the other hand, ZnO is a wide bandgap II-VI semiconductor which has been applied in many fields such as UV lasers, field effect transistors and transparent conductors. The bandgap of the bulk ZnO is about 3.37 eV, which is close to that of the $TiO_2$ (3.4 eV). As a traditional transparent conductor, ZnO has excellent electron transport properties, even in ZnO nanoparticle films. In the past few years, one-dimension (1D) nanostructures of ZnO have attracted extensive research interest. In particular, 1D ZnO nanowires renders much better electron transportation capability by providing a direct conduction path for electron transport and greatly reducing the number of grain boundaries. These unique advantages make ZnO nanowires a promising matrix electrode for EC dye molecule loading. ZnO nanowires grow vertically from the substrate and form a dense array (Fig. 1). The ZnO nanowires show regular hexagonal cross section and the average diameter of the ZnO nanowires is about 100 nm. The cross-section image of the ZnO nanowires array (Fig. 1) indicates that the length of the ZnO nanowires is about $6\;{\mu}m$. From one on/off cycle of the ZnO EC cell (Fig. 2). We can see that, the switching time of a ZnO nanowire electrode EC cell with an active area of $1\;{\times}\;1\;cm^2$ is 170 ms and 142 ms for coloration and bleaching, respectively. The coloration and bleaching time is faster compared to the $TiO_2$ mesoporous EC devices with both coloration and bleaching time of about 250 ms for a device with an active area of $2.5\;cm^2$. With further optimization, it is possible that the response time can reach ten(s) of millisecond, i.e. capable of displaying video. Fig. 3 shows a prototype with two different transmittance states. It can be seen that good contrast was obtained. The retention was at least a few hours for these prototypes. Being an oxide, ZnO is oxidation resistant, i.e. it is more durable for field emission cathode. ZnO nanotetropods were also applied to realize the first prototype triode field emission device, making use of scattered surface-conduction electrons for field emission (Fig. 4). The device has a high efficiency (field emitted electron to total electron ratio) of about 60%. With this high efficiency, we were able to fabricate some prototype displays (Fig. 5 showing some alphanumerical symbols). ZnO tetrapods have four legs, which guarantees that there is one leg always pointing upward, even using screen printing method to fabricate the cathode.