• 제목/요약/키워드: Digestive Enzymes

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항생제 대체 사료첨가제로서 매실추출 혼합물이 육계의 성장, 소화 효소 활성도 및 장내 미생물 균총에 미치는 영향 (Effects of a Blend of Prunus Mume Extract as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Activity of Digestive Enzymes and Microflora Population in Broiler Chickens)

  • 고영현;양혜영;강선영;김은숙;장인석
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제49권5호
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    • pp.611-620
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    • 2007
  • 1950년대 이후 어린 가축의 성장 촉진과 사료효율을 개선하고 축산물의 생산효율을 향상시킬 목적으로 penicillin, bacitracin 등과 같은 항생제가 사료첨가제로서 널리 사용되어 왔다. 항생제의 작용기전은 먼저 가축체내에 존재하는 살모넬라, 대장균, 클로스트리디움 등과 같은 장내 병원성균의 세포막을 분해하여 사멸시키고(Leitner 등, 2001) 소장 흡수세포벽을 얇게 하여 영양소의 흡수율을 증대시켜 성장을 촉진시킨다고 알려져 있다(Ravindran 등, 1984; Collington 등, 1990). 그러나 가축 생산성 증대와 같은 긍정적인 효과에도 불구하고 항생물질이 고기, 우유, 계란 등의 축산물에 잔류될 수 있다는 점과 축산물을 통하여 섭취된 항생물질이 인체의 내성을 증가시켜 항생물질에 대하여 저항성을 나타낼 수 있다는 일부 부정적인 효과가 밝혀지면서 최근 항생제의 사용에 문제점이 제기되고 있다(Lee 등, 2001). 스웨덴, 덴마크 등과 같은 유럽 국가들을 중심으로 가축 사료첨가제로서 항생제 사용이 금지 또는 극도로 제한되고 있다. 최근 이와 같은 시대적 흐름에 따라 사료에 첨가되는 항생제를 53종에서 25종으로 대폭 축소하고, 2012년 농장에 대한 HACCP 제도를 도입하는 등 사료 위생관리를 엄격히 관리하는 단계로 접어들면서, 항생제를 대치 할 수 있는 대체제제에 대한 연구가 절실히 요구된다. 따라서 축산식품 소비자는 물론 생산자를 위해서도 사료에 첨가되는 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 안전성이 확보된 후보 물질의 연구 개발 및 효능 연구는 미래 지속가능한 동물산업을 위해 필연적으로 해결해야만 하는 향후의 숙제이다. 이러한 사실과 더불어 국민소득이 증가함에 따라 웰빙에 대한 관심 고조로 동물성 식품에 대한 선호도가 양 보다는 질 위주로 급격하게 변화되고 있어 천연자원을 이용한 다양한 항생제 대체 사료첨가제의 개발이 주목을 받고 있는바, 본 연구에서 사용된 매실(Prunus mume)은 섬유소, 탄닌과 무기물이 풍부하고 시트릭산(구연산) 등을 포함한 각종 유기산이 다량 함유된 것으로(임, 1999), 한방과 민간에서 잎, 청매(미성숙 매실)는 살균, 구충, 해독, 해열 등과 같은 다양한 효과를 나타내는 한약제로 널이 이용되고 있다. 매실의 효능은 다양한 연구에서 항균작용(이 등, 2003), 항산화작용(한 등, 2001), 간 기능 증진(서 등, 1990) 등의 효과들이 과학적으로 검정되었다. 특히 매실의 항균작용 연구에서 매실추출물로서 paper disc법으로 항균작용을 조사한 결과 그람(+) 세균인 Micrococcus leteus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphy- lococcus aureus 등과 그람(-) 세균인 E. coli. Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris 등에 효과적인 저해 활성을 나타내었다(임, 1999; 이 등, 2003). 또한 유기산의 일종은 유산(lactic acid)은 이미 위장관의 환경을 긍정적으로 조절하여 가축 사료첨가제로서 상당히 많이 이용되고 있다(van de Broek, 2000). 그러나 장관내 환경조절물질로서 고품질의 축산물을 생산할 수 있는 천연 소재인 매실 또는 그 부산물을 이용하여 가축 사료첨가제로서의 가능성을 과학적으로 연구한 사례는 극히 일부분에 지나지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 매실추출 혼합물의 in vitro 항균효과를 검정하고 이를 근거로 육계사료에 위장관 환경조절제로서 매실추출물 및 유산(lactic aicd) 그리고 항산화제로서 포도씨앗추출물을 혼합한 제제를 급여하여 성장 및 사료효율, 혈액성상, 소장의 소화 효소 활성도 및 세균총에 미치는 작용에 대하여 조사하여 항생제 대체제로서의 가능성에 대한 연구를 실시하였다.

Effect of multi-enzymes supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, ileal digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and caecal microbiota in broilers fed low-metabolizable energy diet

  • Yaqoob, Muhammad Umar;Yousaf, Muhammad;Iftikhar, Mubashir;Hassan, Safdar;Wang, Geng;Imran, Safdar;Zahid, Muhammad Umer;Iqbal, Waqar;Wang, Minqi
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제35권7호
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    • pp.1059-1068
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    • 2022
  • Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using low energy diet with multi-enzymes supplementation on different biological parameters in broilers. Methods: Three hundred Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups (Cont, standard metabolizable energy(ME); L-ME, ME reduced by 50 kcal/kg without enzyme; and L-ME-MES, L-ME diet was supplemented with multi-enzymes) with five replicates per group (20 chicks per replicate) at the start of second week. Grower and finisher diets were formulated according to breed specific guide and offered with free access in respective phase (two weeks for grower [8 to 21 d]; two weeks for finisher [22 to 35 d]). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. After feeding trial, fifteen birds (one bird per replicate) were selected randomly and slaughtered for samples collection. Results: The results exhibited no effect (p>0.05) of dietary treatments on all parameters of growth performance, carcass traits, relative weight of internal organs except bursa and overall parameters of thigh meat quality. Relative weight of bursa was significantly (p<0.05) higher in L-ME than control. Multi-enzymes supplementation in low-ME diet significantly (p<0.05) improved the breast meat pH 24 h, digestibility of crude protein, duodenum weight and length, jejunal morphology, counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., lipase and protease activities than control. Jejunum length was increased in both L-ME and L-ME-MES treatments than that of the control (p<0.05). Breast meat cooking loss and color lightness was lower in L-ME (p<0.05) than control. Conclusion: It can therefore be concluded that broilers could be reared on low energy diet with supplementation of multi-enzymes without compromising the growth performance. In addition, it is beneficial for other biological parameters of broilers.

Potential of Using Maize Cobs in Pig Diets - A Review

  • Kanengoni, A.T.;Chimonyo, M.;Ndimba, B.K.;Dzama, K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제28권12호
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    • pp.1669-1679
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    • 2015
  • The quest to broaden the narrow range of feed ingredients available to pig producers has prompted research on the use of low cost, unconventional feedstuffs, which are typically fibrous and abundant. Maize cobs, a by-product of a major cereal grown worldwide, have potential to be used as a pig feed ingredient. Presently, maize cobs are either dumped or burnt for fuel. The major challenge in using maize cobs in pig diets is their lignocellulosic nature (45% to 55% cellulose, 25% to 35% hemicellulose, and 20% to 30% lignin) which is resistant to pigs' digestive enzymes. The high fiber in maize cobs (930 g neutral detergent fiber/kg dry matter [DM]; 573 g acid detergent fiber/kg DM) increases rate of passage and sequestration of nutrients in the fiber reducing their digestion. However, grinding, heating and fermentation can modify the structure of the fibrous components in the maize cobs and improve their utilization. Pigs can also extract up to 25% of energy maintenance requirements from fermentation products. In addition, dietary fiber improves pig intestinal health by promoting the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which suppress proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. This paper reviews maize cob composition and the effect on digestibility of nutrients, intestinal microflora and growth performance and proposes the use of ensiling using exogenous enzymes to enhance utilization in diets of pigs.

In-Vitro, In-Vivo 동물모델에서 귀리 유래 수용성 베타-글루칸의 칼로리 제한 효과 작용기전 규명 (Mode of Action of Water Soluble β-Glucan from Oat (Avena sativa) on Calorie Restriction Effect In-Vitro and In-Vivo Animal Models)

  • 강한나;김세찬;강용수;권영인
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.1222-1228
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    • 2017
  • In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of water soluble ${\beta}-glucan$ from oat (Avena sativa) against various digestive enzymes such as ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, sucrase, maltase and glucoamylase. Inhibition of these enzymes involved in the absorption of disaccharide can significantly decrease the post-prandial increase of blood glucose level after a mixed carbohydrate diet. The ${\beta}-glucan$ had the highest documented rate of small intestinal sucrase inhibitory activity (2.83 mg/mL, $IC_{50}$) relevant for potentially managing post-prandial hyperglycemia. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of ${\beta}-glucan$ on the level of post-prandial blood glucose in animal model. The post-prandial blood glucose levels were tested two hours after sucrose/starch administration, with and without ${\beta}-glucan$ (100, and 500 mg/kg-body weight). The maximum blood glucose levels (Cmax) of ${\beta}-glucan$ administration group were decreased by about 23% (from $219.06{\pm}27.82$ to $190.44{\pm}13.18$, p<0.05) and 10% (from $182.44{\pm}13.77$ to $165.64{\pm}10.59$, p<0.01) in starch and sucrose loading test, respectively, when compared to control in pharmacodynamics study. The ${\beta}-Glucan$ administration significantly lowered the mean, maximum, and minimum level of post-prandial blood glucose at 30 min after meal. In view of the foregoing, it is felt that our findings suggest that ${\beta}-glucan$ from oat serves to reduce post-prandial blood glucose rise secondary to slower absorption of glucose in the small intestine, via carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes inhibition.

Substitution of Wheat for Corn in Beef Cattle Diets: Digestibility, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Serum Metabolite Contents and Ruminal Fermentation

  • Liu, Y.F.;Zhao, H.B.;Liu, X.M.;You, W.;Cheng, H.J.;Wan, F.C.;Liu, G.F.;Tan, X.W.;Song, E.L.;Zhang, X.L.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제29권10호
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    • pp.1424-1431
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    • 2016
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different amounts of wheat, as a partial or whole substitute for corn, on digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, serum metabolite contents and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. Four Limousin${\times}$LuXi crossbred cattle with a body weight ($400{\pm}10kg$), fitted with permanent ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas, were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments: Control (100% corn), 33% wheat (33% substitution for corn), 67% wheat (67% substitution for corn), and 100% wheat (100% substitution for corn) on a dry matter basis. The results showed that replacing corn with increasing amounts of wheat increased the apparent digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p<0.05). While the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were lower with increasing amounts of wheat. Digestive enzyme activities of lipase, protease and amylase in the duodenum were higher with increasing wheat amounts (p<0.05), and showed similar results to those for the enzymes in the ileum except for amylase. Increased substitution of wheat for corn increased the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between those given only corn and those given 33% wheat. Increasing the substitution of wheat for corn increased the molar proportion of acetate and tended to increase the acetate-to-propionate ratio. Cattle fed 100% wheat tended to have the lowest ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration compared with control (p<0.05), whereas no differences were observed among the cattle fed 33% and 67% wheat. These findings indicate that wheat can be effectively used to replace corn in moderate amounts to meet the energy and fiber requirements of beef cattle.

Application of Membrane Bioreactor Technology for the Development of Bioactive Substances from Seafood Processing Byproducts

  • Kim, Se-Kwon;Mendis, Eresha
    • 한국해양바이오학회지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.9-21
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    • 2006
  • Foods and related substances from diverse sources known to have a potential for disease risk reduction are called functional foods, while nutraceuticals are bioactive compounds isolated from food and sold in dosage form. Nutraceutical and functional food industries are rapidly growing in recent years and most of the cases development of these functional materials involves certain biotransformation processes. A number of bioactive compounds has been identified up to date and isolated from seafood related products through enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. The enzymatic bioconversion process require suitable biocatalysts and appropriate bioreactor systems to incubate byproducts with digestive enzymes. Membrane bioreactor technology is recently emerging for the development of bioactive compounds from seafood processing byproducts.

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EFFECTS OF FRUCTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES ON MILK-YIELD AND MILK-COMPONENTS OF DAIRY COWS

  • Kobayashi, S.;Eida, T.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.21-25
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    • 1990
  • Fructo-oligosaccharides are found in many plants, such as onion, burdock and wheat. They are not well hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes in animals, but are peculiarly assimilated by Bifidobacterium and some useful bacteria. In our previous experiment (Kobayashi et al., 1987) it was suggested that they were effective in decreasing energy loss in the metabolism of dairy calves. In the present study, the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on body weight, milk-yield and milk-components (fat, protein and solids-not-fat) were investigated in dairy cows. Lactating cows were fed a standard diet containing fructoligo saccharides at 18.70g, 9.35g and 0.0g (control) per 100kg body weight, day for three weeks. Neither treatments significantly affected any of the parameters examined. The fructo-oligosaccharides were assumed to be hydrolyzed by rumen microorganisms and hardly to affect the bacterium florae in the intestines of the lactating cows.

수산동물의 소화 관련효소의 분포 -단백질분해효소-

  • 허민수;김정은;손보영;김진수;오광수
    • 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 춘계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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    • pp.82-83
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    • 2000
  • 수산 생물의 종에 따른 생물학적 다양성은 각기 독특한 성질을 갖는 다양한 효소들이 분포한다는 것을 의미하기도 한다. 이러한 이유로 다양한 효소자원으로서 수산동물의 가공 부산물 또는 폐기물로부터 소화 관련 효소(digestive enzymes)의 회수와 산업적 이용의 잠재성은 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. 수산동물의 소화 관련 효소는 pepsin(Gildberg et al., 1990;1991), chymotrypsin, trypsin(Heu et al, 1995), gastricsin(Sanchea- Chiang and Ponce, 1981) 그리고 elastase(Bjarnason et al., 1993)을 상으로 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 특히 수산동물과 같이 저온에 적응한 냉혈동물의 단백질분해효소는 육상의 온혈동물의 동종 효소보다 낮은 최적온도와 온도안정성 때문에 식품산업에 응용성이 넓다고 하겠다. 따라서 우리나라의 다양한 수산자원의 폐기물 및 가공부산물로부터 소화 관련 효소를 분리하여 식품산업에 있어서 가공보조제(processing aids)로서 이용 가능하리라 생각된다. (중략)

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개조개(Veneridal Soxidmus Purpuratus Sowerby)의 소화효소에 대하여 (제1보) Amylase의 효소적성질 (Studies on the Digestive Enzymes of Veneridae Soxidonus purpurtus Sowerby I Some Enzymatic properties of Amylase)

  • 서석수;홍승철;양한석
    • 약학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.35-38
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    • 1959
  • The enzymatic activity of amylase which was isolated from a shell fish Veneridae Soxidmnus purpuratus Sowerby(Korean name :Gai-jo-gai") was studied and the obtained results were as follows: (1) The optimum pH of the enzyme was Ca. 6.2-6.4. (2) Prohibiting activity of metalic ions for the enzymatic activity was the order of 1/1000M-$Mg^{++}$>1/1000M-$Sr^{++}$>1/1000M-$Na^{+}$, and $Ca^{++}$ ion's prohibiting action was hardly showed. (3) Of 3 specimens of amyiase from Heptapancreas, Gastro-intestine and crystalline style, the highest activity was shown by amylase from crystlline style, and the other two showed almost same degree of activity. (4) Heptapancreas Amylase from the shell fish showed remarkably higher enzymatic activity than the pancreas amylase from a pig.

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개조개(Veneridae Saxidomus purpuratus Sowerby)의 소화효소에 대하여 (제 2 보) Proteinase의 효소적성질 (Studies on the Digestive Enzymes of Veneridae Soxidomus burpuratus Sowerby II)

  • 서석수;양한석;홍승철
    • 약학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.39-42
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    • 1959
  • The enzymatic activity of proteinase which was isolated from a shell fish, Veneridae Soxidomus purpuratus Sowerby(Korean name "Gai-jo-gai") was studied, and the obtained results were as follows; (1) The optimum pH of the enzyme was around 7.5 (2) The prohibiting activity of metalic ions for the enzymatic activity was the order of 1/1000M-$Ag^{+}$>1/1000M-$Zn^{++}$>1/1000M-$Cd^{++}$>1/1000M-$Pb^{++}$. (3) Of 3 specimens of the enzyme from heptapancreas, gastro-intestine and crystalline style the highest activity was shown by one from crystalline style.

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