• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.780-793
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare the anti-allergic effects of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) and WPC hydrolysate. WPC hydrolysate was prepared using enzymatic digestion for 8 h with trypsin and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, after which it was freeze-dried. The allergic parameters assessed in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells were degranulation and release of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, release of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and changes in the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-4, and IL-10 by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During preparation of the WPC hydrolysate, hydrolysis increased rapidly from 0 to 10 min and then gradually increased slowly from 1 h onwards, achieving a final degree of hydrolysis of 78.50%. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a reduction in the intensity of several protein bands in the WPC hydrolysate compared to the WPC. IgE-induced ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells was decreased to a higher degree following treatment with the hydrolysate compared to WPC treatment. W500 ($500{\mu}g/mL$ WPC) showed the least inhibition of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release, but there was no significant difference between W500 and W1000 ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) (p<0.05). H1000 ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$ WPC hydrolysate) inhibited ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release by 39%. Compared to the control, treatment with H1000 decreased $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion to 11.87 pg/mL. The gene expression levels of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-4, and IL-13 were all significantly decreased in hydrolysate (p<0.05). In the case of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-4, the expression levels in W1000 treated cells were decreased by 73.67% and 65%, respectively, and that of IL-13 was decreased by 66.43% compared to the control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the forage production and feed value of Sasa borealis (S. borealis) in Jeju Island in order to improve the utilization of Sasa borealis and to help mitigate the problem of reduced plant species diversity caused by S. borealis in Hanlla Mountain. To investigate the forage production, three quadrat structures were installed in the S. borealis natural community in the middle part of Hanlla Mountain. From May to October 2017, S. borealis in quadrats was cut at a fixed time of each month, and then forage production and regenerated acidity per kg/ha were evaluated. For the evaluation of feed value, compositional analysis was performed on the monthly samples. In vitro digestion experiments were carried out using cannula mounted Hanwoo. In vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility(IVNDFD) and in vitro acid detergent fiber digestibility(IVADFD) were measured after the experiment. Forage production of S. borealis showed relatively good regeneration ability in May and June, but the regeneration ability decreased as the cutting was repeated. In order to use S. borealis as a forage, it is considered efficient to feed black goats with good fiber decomposition or horses good palatability to S. borealis and relatively good digestibility.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.981-987
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• 2000

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor was operated for treating swine wastewater containing high ammonia nitrogen to assess their performance and toxicity of free ammonia concentration. In the reactor, chemical oxygen demand(COD) removed about 70% at $2.6kgCOD/m^3.day$ of organic loading rate(OLR) and 3 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT), while it was decreased when OLR and HRT was maintained $7kg\;COD/m^3.day$ and 2 days, respectively. Also UASB reactor was evaluated the activity of methane producing bacteria(MPB) according to change of free ammonia concentrations, MPB activity of applied sludge in the 500 and $1000mg-N/{\ell}$ of free ammonia concentration was inhibited by 4% and 40%, respectively. This clearly showed that free ammonia concentration less than $500mg-N/{\ell}$ showed no inhibition to MPB in anaerobic treatment of organics, UASB reactor was stabilized easily less than $1000mgVSS/{\ell}$ due to degradation of organic solids by the high activities of anaerobes.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2017

Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) roots and leaves are widely used in herbal preparations, which have beneficial effects on the stimulation of digestion and metabolism of food ingredients, gastric juice excretion, diuretic action, and bile excretion. Notably, chicory root is well known as a source of polyphenols, compounds with recognized value in health improvement. In this study, we examined the physicochemical characteristics (TA, pH, and sensory evaluation) of bioactive yoghurt containing different concentrations of chicory. With increasing incubation time (5 h), the TA of the yoghurt increased whereas the pH decreased, regardless of the amount of chicory. As the amount of chicory increased, the scores for color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability generally decreased. Among the tested groups, yoghurt with the addition of 1% chicory attained the highest scores. Further studies on the production of bioactive yogurt with optimum chicory concentration are needed.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.501-512
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• 1999

Gliotoxin, a fungal metabolite, is one of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine classes and has a variety of effects including immunomodulatory and apoptotic agents. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of zinc on gliotoxin-induced death of HL-60 cells. Here, we demonstrated that treatment of gliotoxin decreased cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner. Gliotoxin-induced cell death was confirmed as apoptosis characterized by chromatin margination, fragmentation and ladder-pattern digestion of genomic DNA. Gliotoxin increased the proteolytic activities of caspase 3, 6, 8, and 9. Caspase-3 activation was further confirmed by the degradation of procaspase-3 and PARP in gliotoxin-treated HL-60 cells. Zinc compounds including $ZnCl_2$ and $ZnSO_4$ markedly inhibited gliotoxin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells (from 30% to 90%). Consistent with anti-apoptotic effects, zinc also suppressed the enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and -9 proteases. In addition, cleavage of both PARP and procaspase 3 in gliotoxin-treated HL-60 cells was inhibited by the addition of zinc compounds. We further demonstrated that expression of Fas ligand by gliotoxin was suppressed by zinc compounds. These data suggest that zinc may prevent gliotoxin-induced apoptosis via inhibition of Fas ligand expression as well as suppression of caspase family cysteine proteases-3 and -9 in HL-60 cells.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.359-371
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• 2019

To optimize the expression and secretion of ferritin protein associated with ion storage in the mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, a recombinant secretion vector, harboring the ferritin gene, was constructed using a pPEVPR1b vector under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and signal sequence of pathogen related protein (PR1b). The ferritin gene was isolated from the T-Fer vector following digestion with EcoRI and HindIII. The gene was then introduced into the pPEVPR1b secretion vector, and it was then named pPEVPR1b-Fer. The recombinant vector was transferred into P. eryngii via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The transformants were selected on MCM medium supplemented with kanamycin and its expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Expression of ferritin protein was optimized by modifying the culture conditions such as incubation time and temperature in batch and 20 L airlift type fermenter. The optimal conditions for ferritin production were achieved at 25℃ and after incubating for 8 days on MCM medium. The amount of ferritin protein was 2.4 mg/g mycelia, as measured by a quantitative protein assay. However, the signal sequence of PR1b (32 amino acids) seems to be correctly processed by peptidase and ferritin protein may be targeted in the apoplast region of mycelia, and it might not be secreted in the culture medium. The iron binding activity was confirmed by Perls' staining in a 7.5% non-denaturing gel, indicating that the multimeric ferritin (composed of 24 subunits) was formed in P. eryngii mycelia. Mycelium powder containing ferritin was tested as a feed additive in broilers. The addition of ferritin powder stimulated the growth of young broilers and improved their feed efficiency and production index.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1986

The optimal conditions for high yields of mycelial protoplasts from P. cornucopiae were established. The concentraion of enzyme system containing Novozym 234, ${\beta}-D-glucanase$ and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ was $5mg\;ml^{-1}$ each. The osmotic stabilizer most effective for protoplast isolation was O.6 M sucrose. The optimal reaction time of mycelium with the lytic mixture was 90 min in a shaking condition at 120 strokes $min^{-1}$. When the myelium of P. cornucopiae was cultured for 4 days on mushroom complete medium at $28^{\circ}C$, the formation of protoplast was effective. When the pH of the digestion mixture with O.6 M sucrose as stabilizer varied between pH 4.0 and 7.0, the production of protoplasts was effective in phosphate buffer (pH 6.2) and Na-maleate buffer (pH 5.0). Generally, phosphate buffer was more effective for protoplast isolation than Na-maleate buffer, but 0.6 M sucrose osmotic stabilizer without adjusting pH was most effective. Using these conditions, protoplasts from P. cornucopiae were obtained at a ratio $1{\times}10^7\;ml^{-1}$.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2005

Myo-inositol monophosphate phosphatase (IMPP) is a key enzyme in the phosphoinositide cell-signaling system. This study found that incubating the IMPP from a porcine brain with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) resulted in a time-dependent enzymatic inactivation. Spectral evidence showed that the inactivation proceeds via the formation of a Schiff's base with the amino groups of the enzyme. After the sodium borohydride reduction of the inactivated enzyme, it was observed that 1.8 mol phosphopyridoxyl residues per mole of the enzyme dimer were incorporated. The substrate, myo-inositol-1-phosphate, protected the enzyme against inactivation by PLP. After tryptic digestion of the enzyme modified with PLP, a radioactive peptide absorbing at 210 nm was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. Amino acid sequencing of the peptide identified a portion of the PLP-binding site as being the region containing the sequence L-Q-V-S-Q-Q-E-D-I-T-X, where X indicates that phenylthiohydantoin amino acid could not be assigned. However, the result of amino acid composition of the peptide indicated that the missing residue could be designated as a phosphopyridoxyl lysine. This suggests that the catalytic function of IMPP is modulated by the binding of PLP to a specific lysyl residue at or near its substrate-binding site of the protein.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.839-845
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• 2007

Temperature dependence of kinetic constants in the anaerobic acidogenesis was investigated using anaerobic chemostat-type reactor. Glucose was used as a substrate in this experiment. Temperature ranging from 15 to $30^{\circ}C$ were studied. The saturation constant$(k_s\upsilon)$ and growth yield(Y) decreased with increasing temperature, while the maximum specific substrate utilization rate$(\upsilon_{max})$ increased. A temperature correction factor$(Q_{10})$ values of the substrate utilization rate and bacteria growth rate were the range from 1.3 to 2.2 and 1.5 to 2.2, respectively. The growth yield(Y) for the acidogenesis process was less sensitive to temperature changes than the maximum specific substrate utilization rate$(\upsilon_{max})$. The simulation model of the relationship between the substrate and sludge retention time(SRT) at the temperature range of 20 to $30^{\circ}C$ is obtained as the following ; $1/SRT={(6.53){\cdot}(1.038)^{T-20}{\cdot}(S/X)}/{(1.38){\cdot}(0.983)^{T-20}+(S/X)}$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 1979

One of the major problems in tile activated sludge system has been difficulty in separating the microbial solids from the treated effluent and in returning them to the aeration tank. Another problem has been the digestion of the excess activated sludge. In constrast, it has not been difficult to separate the microbial solids from the treated effluent from the biological fixed-film systems(RBC process, Trickling Filter, FAST process). These systems have also featured less sludge production. Recently, it was proposed to experiment with the RESMAS process in order to eliminate the settling tank and sludge concentration facilities and to reduce the quantity of excess sludge for final disposal. The effluent quality could be predicted by .the concept of the maximum accumulation capacity. However, the hydraulic characteristics of the screen media in the RESMAS reactor were not dynamic. The object of the present study is to evalute the sludge accumulation rate and effluent quality prediction in the REMSMAS process designed in the dynamic hydraulic structure. This process can eliminate the final sedimentation tank and sludge concentration tank needed in the RBC, CMAS, Trickling Filter and FAST processes. Also, the effluent quality is desirable to compare with other processes. It appeared that the value of the sludge holding capacity was higher than those of the RESMAS and FAST processes, and the periods of the critical operating time were proportional to the substrate hydraulic loadings.