• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2007

체세포 핵이식을 통한 형질전환 소를 생산 시 초기 수정란 발육 시 발생하는 주요 유전자의 이상 발현을 규명을 목적으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 형질전환 복제수정란의 낮은 발육능의 원인을 규명하기 위해 하기 위하여 단위 발생란, 체외수정란 및 형질전환 복제수정란에서 초기 배 발육에 중요한 유전자인 IFN-t, Oct4 및 Fgf4유전자의 발현량을 비교 분석하였다. RNA는 각각 10개 수정란에서 추출한 후 reverse-transcription하여 first cDNA를 합성하고 이를 가지고 실시간 중합효수 연쇄반응을 실시하였다. IFN-t유전자의 발현은 형질전환 복제란에서 유의적으로 높게 나왔다 (P<0.05).그러나 Oct4 및 Fgf4 유전자의 경우 형질전환 복제란에서 체외수정란에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나옴을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로, 형질전환 복제수정란의 낮은 발육능이 원인이 발육에 중요한 유전자의 이상 발현에 기인된다고 사료된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.436-438
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• 1995

Based on the collisional time-correlation function approach a general analytical expression has been derived for the double differential cross-section with respect to the scattering angle and the final rotational energy, which can be applied to molecules with non-zero electronic orbital angular momentum after collision with fast hydrogen atoms. By integrating this expression another very simple expression, which gives the final rotational distribution as a function of the rotational quantum number, has also been derived. When this expression is applied to NO(2Π1/2, v'=1) and NO(2Π3/2, v'=1, 2, 3), it can reproduce the experimental rotational distribution after collision with fast H atom very well. The average rotational quantum number and average rotational energy using this expression are also in good agreement with those deduced from the experimental distributions.

• BMB Reports
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.420-427
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• 2002

Partial nerve injury is the main cause of neuropathic pain disorders in humans. Acupuncture has long been used to relieve pain. It is known to relieve pain by controlling the activities of the autonomic nervous system. Although the mechanism of neuropathic pain and analgesic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) have been studied in a rat model system, its detailed mechanism at the molecular level remains unclear. To identify genes that might serve as either markers or explain these distinct biological functions, a cDNA microarray analysis was used to compare the expression of 8,400 genes among three sample groups. Messenger RNAs that were pooled from the spinal nerves of 7 normal. 7 neuropathic pain, and 7 EA treatment rat models were compared. Sixty-eight genes were differentially expressed more than 2-fold in the neuropathic rat model when compared to the normal, and restored to the normal expression level after the EA treatment. These genes are involved in a number of biological processes, including the signal transduction, gene expression, and nociceptive pathways. Confirmation of the differential gene expression was performed by a dot-blot analysis. Dot-blotting results showed that the opioid receptor sigma was among those genes. This indicates that opioid-signaling events are involved in neuropathic pain and the analgesic effects of EA. The potential application of these data include the identification and characterization of signaling pathways that are involved in the EA treatment, studies on the role of the opioid receptor in neuropathic pain, and further exploration on the role of selected identified genes in animal models.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

Tooth development shows dynamic morphological changes from the stages of cap to hard tissue formation and is strictly regulated during development. In the present study, we compared expression and localization of 3 major enamel matrix proteins in rats: amelogenin, enamel and ameloblastin. DD-PCR and RT-PCR revealed differential expression of the major proteins from the cap stage to root stage. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that amelogenin was not detected in either inner enamel epithelium or reduced enamel epithelium, but highly immunoreactive in preameloblasts and ameloblasts; in addition, it was sporadically expressed in preodontoblasts abutting preameloblasts. Ameloblastin expression was also observed in not only differentiated ameloblasts but also osteoblasts. Immunoreactivity to ameloblastin in ameloblasts was strong in Tomes' processes. Enamelin was exclusively localized along the entire newly formed and maturing enamel. Enamelin was largely localized in near Tomes' processes and enamel rods in maturing enamel. Alendronate treatment resulted in down-regulation of amelogenin and ameloblastin at both transcription and translation levels; whereas, enamelin expression was unchanged in response to the treatment. These results suggested that amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin might be implicated in cell differentiation, adhesion of ameloblasts to enamel and enamel crystallization during enamel matrix formation, respectively.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.387-405
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of students 'perception and expression about the motion of object following distance function $={x \atop 3}$ and distance function $y=\frac{x^3}{3}+3$ according to the necessity of research on students' perception and expression about integral constant. In this paper, we present the recognition and the expression of the difference of the constant in the relationship between the distance function and the speed function of the students, while examining the process of constructing the speed function and the inverse process of the distance function. This provides implications for the relationship between the derivative and the indefinite integral corresponding to the inverse process. In particular, in a teaching experiment, a constructive activity was performed to analyze the motion of two distance functions, where the student had a difference of the constant term. At this time, the students used the expression 'starting point' for the constants in the distance function, and the motion was interpreted by using the meaning. This can be seen as a unique 'students' mathematics' in the process of analyzing the motion of objects. These scenes, in introducing the notion of the relation between differential and indefinite integral, it is beyond the comprehension of the integral constant as a computational procedure, so that the learner can understand the meaning of the integral constant in relation to the motion of the object. It is expected that it will be a meaningful basic research on the relationship between differential and integral.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.32-45
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• 2016

Fruit bagging has been widely practiced in peach cultivation to produce high quality and unblemished fruit. Moreover, fruit bagging has been utilized to study the effect of shading on the quality of fruit. We conducted a proteomic analysis on peach fruit to elucidate the biochemical and physiological events that characterize the effect of bagging treatment. Comparative analysis of 2D electrophoresis (2-DE) gels showed that relative protein levels differed significantly at 125 DAFB (days after full bloom), as well as at 133 DAFB in fruit that had been bagged until 125 DAFB, followed by exposure to sunlight. Most of the proteins with altered expression were identified by MALDI TOF/TOF. Twenty-one proteins with differential expression among the groups were identified at 125 DAFB, while thirty proteins with differential expression among the groups were identified at 133 DAFB. The analysis revealed that expression of proteins involved in photosynthesis, stress responses, and biochemical processes influencing metabolism were altered during bagging treatment, suggesting that regulation of the synthesis of carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins influenced fruit size, solid/acid ratio, and peel color. This work provides the first characterization of proteomic changes in peach in response to fruit bagging treatment. Identifying and tracking protein changes may allow us to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of bagging treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.55.1-55.17
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• 2021

Background: Naringenin and its glycoside naringin are well known citrus flavonoids with several therapeutic benefits. Although the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin have been reported previously, the detailed mechanism underlying their anti-adipogenesis effects is poorly understood. Objectives: This study examined the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin by determining differential gene expression patterns in these flavonoids-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: Lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content were determined by Oil red O staining and TG assay. Glucose uptake was measured using a 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose fluorescent d-glucose analog. The phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACC) were observed via Western blot analysis. Differential gene expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated via RNA sequencing analysis. Results: Naringenin and naringin inhibited both lipid accumulation and TG content, increased phosphorylation levels of both AMPK and ACC and decreased the expression level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 32 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 17 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Mogat1, Dgat, Lipin1, Cpt1a, and Lepr, were normalized to the control level in naringenin-treated adipocytes. In addition, 25 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 25 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Fabp5, Scd1, Srebf1, Hmgcs1, Cpt1c, Lepr, and Lrp1, were normalized to the control level by naringin. Conclusions: The results indicate that naringenin and naringin have anti-adipogenic potentials that are achieved by normalizing the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes that were perturbed in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2007

In the last 5 years the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) has emerged as one of the most important targets for drug development in oncology. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the external domain of EGFR have been shown to have clinical benefits in colorectal and head and neck cancer when combined with chemotherapy and/or radiation. Also the targeting of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase domain using the closely related inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib has generally been ineffective against solid tumors, many of which over express the receptor. We found that there were some differential expressions according to primary antibodies of the EGFR protein which being used as one of the histological tumor markers for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We also found that there are some differential expressions according to antibodies, the pH of the antigen retrieval (AR) buffer solutions and kinds of enzymes. There were some differential expressions according to the secondary antibodies and the detection systems. We analyzed the correlations between the immunohistochemical expressions of the EGFR protein and the gene mutations of the EGFR. The differences between automatic stainers and manual staining methods were also evaluated.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.666-676
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• 2006

Gangliosides are widely distributed in mammalian cells and play important roles in various functions such as cell differentiation and growth control. In addition, diabetes and obesity cause abnormal development of reproductive processes in a variety of species. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects, and how they are related, are not fully understood. This study examined whether the differential expression of gangliosides is implicated in the abnormal follicular development and uterine architecture of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and db/db diabetic mice. Based upon the mobility on high-performance thin-layer chromatography, mouse ovary consisted of at least five different ganglioside components, mainly gangliosides GM3, GM1, GD1a and GT1b, and diabetic ovary exhibited a significant reduction in ganglioside expression with apparent changes in the major gangliosides. A prominent immunofluorescence microscopy showed a dramatic loss of ganglioside GD1a expression in the primary, secondary and Graafian follicles of STZ-induced and db/db diabetic mice. A significant decrease in ganglioside GD3 expression was also observed in the ovary of db/db mice. In the uterus of STZ-induced diabetic mice, expression of gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was obviously reduced, but gangliosides GM1, GM2 and GD3 expression was increased. In contrast, the uterus of db/db mice showed a significant increase in gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GD3 expression. Taken together, a complex pattern of ganglioside expression was seen in the ovary and uterus of normoglycemic ICR and $db/^+$ mice, and the correspoding tissues in diabetic mice are characterized by appreciable changes of the major ganglioside expression. These results suggest that alterations in ganglioside expression caused by diabetes mellitus may be implicated in abnormal ovarian development and uterine structure.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2012

LTE 시스템에서는 폐회로 기반의 다중 안테나 기술이 적용되었으며, 차분 코드북을 비롯한 다양한 다중 안테나 기반의 선부호화 기술들이 향상된 LTE (LTE-Advanced) 시스템의 요구조건을 만족시키기 위해 제안되었다. 차분 코드북 설계와 관련하여 이전에 연구된 내용은 준 대각(quasi-diagonal) 단위 행렬 및 구면 캡(spherical cap)에 중점을 두었지만, 이는 동 이득 성질을 만족하지 못한다. 동 이득 성질은 특히 상향 링크에서 첨두 전력 대 평균 전력비 (PAPR)에 상당한 영향을 미치므로 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 각 송신 안테나에 동 이득을 유지하는 성질을 이용한 새로운 차분 코드북을 상향 링크 기반 차분 선부호화 시스템에 적용하고, 이를 통해 비트 오류율(BER)과 첨두 전력 대 평균 전력비를 분석하였다. 특히, 송신기의 비선형 증폭기를 고려하여 다양한 차분 선부호화 기법들의 성능을 분석하였다. 모의 실험을 통해 선형 증폭기를 고려할 경우 기존에 제안된 차분 코드북이 우수한 성능을 보이지만, 비선형 증폭기를 고려할 경우에는 제안하는 차분 코드북의 우수함을 증명하였다.