• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.213-229
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the heath status and health behavior of middle-aged Korean men and women. Even though there has been increased concern about extremely high mortality rate of Korean middle-aged men and mental health problems of middle aged women, there is a dearth of empirical studies which examine the health status and health behavior of middle-aged men and women in Korea. This study attempts to fill these gaps. Data gathered from 1,667 men and women aged between 30-59 are analyzed to examine the level of physical health, mental health, perceived health and health behavior and to explore the gender and age group differences in these aspects. The results show that there exist gender difference and age group difference in health status: Women are less healthy than men and as age increased health status declined. Women at their 50s are least healthy and most unhappy suggesting age and gender interaction in health status. There exist a gender difference in health behavior: Men have regular check-ups more frequently than women and exercise more. These results are discussed in terms of the gender differences in the experiences, social roles and life styles over the life course.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of experimenter gender on pain report as well as the sex differences in pain threshold and pain tolerance. Cold pressor test and pressure pain threshold (PPT) test were performed on forty dental students by both of a male and a female experimenter separately with 1 day interval. The obtained results were as follows : There were no differences in pain threshold and pain tolerance between males and females when they were examined by the same gender experimenter in the cold pressor test, but when they were examined by the opposite gender experimenter the pain threshold of males was significantly higher than females. When the pain threshold was measured by the same gender experimenter, using a algometer, there was no differences in PPT between males and females. However, when the same measurements were done by the opposite gender experimenter, the PPT of males was significantly higher than females at anterior temporalis and inferior masseter. For cold pressor test, females tended to report lower levels of pain threshold and pain tolerance to a male experimenter than a female, but the differences were not significant. Although both pain threshold and pain tolerance were increased when males were examined by a female experimenter in the cold pressor test, the statistical significance was found only in pain tolerance. When subjects were examined by the opposite gender experimenter in the PPT text, females reported significantly higher levels of pain at inferior masseter and males reported significantly lower levels of pain at anterior temporalis and inferior masseter.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-63
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• 2011

This paper examines the relationship between economic dependence and gender differences in housework in Korea. There are three explanatory alternatives for the relationship; economic rule of exchange, gender display perspective and deviant neutralization. We analysed both 2004 and 2009 time use survey data. The findings show the significant gender differences in time spent on housework that wives spend much more time on housework than husbands. However, among couples with non-normative gender roles, in some cases the more economically powerful wives spend more time on housework than breadwinner wives with weaker economic power, although such cases are rare. Rather, it is appropriate to conclude that, the more economically independent the wives, the less time they spend on housework; this is also the case for husbands. Overall, the Korean case shows what the economic exchange theory predicts. Thus, improvements in working wives' economic power will lead to gender equity in the division of housework.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2008

This study examined the gender differences' composition affecting poverty in Busan and possible strategies for overcoming poverty. It was found that there were both common and differentiating points regarding gender in poverty situations. Poverty stricken women, tended to be older and less educated than their male counterparts. In the case of men, they were more likely to have physical disabilities than women. There were more women compared to men when regarding divorce and separation due to the death of a spouse as contributing to poverty. Women estimated that it was much easier to overcome their poverty situation as they were younger and had more income. However, there were gender differences in regard to actual re-establishment. For men, education level was the most important variable for overcoming poverty while for women; the existence of a spouse was the important variable. These results suggest that a gender sensitive approach is necessary to address and find solutions to the poverty issue. Therefore, it is hoped that this study's findings may provide valuable information and support for changes to the welfare policy.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate inservice elementary teachers' view and the change of preservice elementary teachers' view on the nature of science by the science education course. The subjects were 386 junior preservice teachers in a National University of Education and 257 inservice teachers working in a metropolitan city. An instrument consisting of fifty eight items were developed on the bases of previous studies. Before entering the course, preservice teachers view was compared by gender with T-test and no significant differences were found except the category 'role of a scientist'. Preservice teachers view was also compared by major with ANOVA and significant differences were found on the categories 'scientific method' and 'scientific law'. After the course, on comparing their view by gender, significant differences were found on the categories 'scientific theory', 'scientific knowledge', and 'scientific law'. The result of ANOVA by major, significant differences were found except the category 'role of a scientist'. Inservice teachers view was compared by gender and major and the differences were no significant, the significant differences, however, were founded in comparing by career and ability.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.451-463
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• 2017

Recently, increasing one-person households, especially in the young generation, is one of the most important issues reflecting changes in the Korean family and society. The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in life time use of one-person households aged 25 to 39, comparing with husband-wife couples of the same ages, and to investigate the determinants of subjective time poverty. Data are from the 2014 Life Time Survey by Statistics Korea. The major results are as follows. First, gender differences in time use of single youths were found in home management hours on weekdays. Female one-person householders spent more time in home management than their male counterparts, while male one-person householders spent more time in home management than young husband-wife groups. In addition, a much larger gender difference was found between young husbands and wives. Second, different effects on the subjective time poverty were found in both the groups. Based on these results, the implications for several specialized education and social programs for male and female one-person householders used in the local healthy families support centers are provided.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.117-133
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• 2009

This study researched differences in friendship among children of the same and/or opposite sex and their gender-role identities. Friendship and gender-role identities among 423 children in the 5th and 6th grades were examined. Data was analyzed by MANOVA and ANOVA. Findings were : (1) there were some differences between boys and girls in rank order of the distribution of gender-role identity types : androgynous type was most common in girls; undifferentiated was most common among boys. (2) Results of friendship based on sex and gender-role identity showed that boys and girls with androgynous gender-roles were friendly with both boys and girls. Among boys, masculine types were particularly friendly with boys; among girls, masculine types were particularly friendly with girls.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.6 s.105
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• pp.971-983
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• 2004

It is increasingly clear that student mastery of concepts and skills in geographic education is based on a complex set of variables. Sex and gender are the key variables. Much has been written about biological sex differences in learning, but less attention has been paid to the impacts of socio-cultural gender on learning geography. As such, the aims of this paper are two-fold. First, to examine theories which seek to explain why males and females might differ in their geographic and spatial knowledge or skill. Second, to examine the extent of sex differences and gender traits in the geographic learning. The results of study illustrate clearly that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes. Therefore, there are significant gender differences between the preferences of regions, contents, activities in the secondary geographic learning. The results also provide insights into improving contents and method of geographic education.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.67-82
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• 2015

The study examined whether informal and formal social participations may mediate the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms, and whether gender may moderate the mediated associations. The data consisted of men and women 65+ who participated in the $3^{rd}$ wave of the Koran Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA ; N = 4,146). Findings suggest that first, widowed older adults experienced significantly higer levels of depressive symptoms compared to their married counterparts. At the same time, the widowed individuals also reported more frequent contacts with family, friends, and neighbors (informal social participation), which contributed to narrowing the depression gap between widowed and married. Second, gender moderated the mediated association such that the mediating effect of informal social participation was significant only for older widowed women. Further, no mediating effect was found of formal social participation (participation in social, leisure, religious groups) for widowed and married regardless of gender. Previous studies indicated that social participation may be an important mediating factor that attenuates the effect of widowhood on depressive symptoms. Building on existing research, the present study highlighted theoretical rationales for potential gender differences in the way social participation may mediate the widowhood-depression linkage and evaluated statistically whether gender may moderate the mediated association.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.17 no.1_2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2010

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate how gender differences affect the sensory processing by the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile(ASP) which evaluates the behavioral responses of adults to everyday sensory experiences. Methods: The study period lasted one month which was June 2009, and the study subjects were 325(three hundred twenty five) people who were healthy and reside in Chungcheong province including Daejeon. Detailed information about the study was explained to the study group and the ASP questionnaires were drawn up by them personally. Results: On average, the study group scores similarly in low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding. According to the sensory processing abilities by gender, the group obtained scores indicating performance similar to most people in low registration, sensation seeking, and sensory sensitivity, except for sensation avoiding. Furthermore, in the taste/smell processing of "I only eat familiar foods", sensation avoiding score was higher in females than males, and in the activity level of "I find time to get away from my busy life and spend time by myself", males' sensation avoiding scored higher than females. Conclusion: In the study of differences of sensory processing abilities of adults by gender using the ASP, gender differences were revealed in the category of sensation avoiding.