• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4283-4287
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• 2013

Background: In this meta-analysis we review evidence suggesting that exposure to cadmium is a cause of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted Medline/PubMed and Scopus searches using selected MeSH keywords to identify papers published from January 1, 1980 through January 1, 2013. Data were merged and summary mean differences were estimated using either a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model. Results: There were 13 studies including 978 exposed cases and 1,279 controls. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups, and the summary estimate of mean difference was 0.71 (95%CI: 0.33-1.08). However, stratification showed that there were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups among Asian compared with Caucasian population, and the summary estimates of mean difference were 1.45 (95%CI: 0.62-2.28) vs. 0.25 (95%CI: -0.09-0.6), respectively. There was a difference in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups in peripheral venous blood sampling methods, and the summary estimate of mean difference was 1.41 (95%CI: 0.46-2.37). Conclusions: Data indicate that the frequencies of breast cancer might be an indicator of early genetic effects for cadmium-exposed populations. However, our meta-analysis was performed on population-based studies; meta-analysis based on individual data might provide more precise and reliable results. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an international database on genetic damage among populations exposed to cadmium that may contain all raw data of studies examining genetic toxicity.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.1117-1124
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• 2008

In This paper, load-settlement curves that obtained from 11 sites were analyzed. At all tests, the load is applied until apparent failure is observed. The validity of the ultimate and yield load estimation method and load calculated from the settlement criterion was investigated through comparison with the measured data. The result indicated that B. Hansen 80% criterion and Stability Plot in ultimate loading decision law almost have been regared as same by comparing measured date and ultimate bearing capacity decided in depending yield loading decision law from 13% to 46% difference have taeyaeen came out when measured data and Davisson was compared, and S-log t from 5% to 41% log P-log S from 14% to 50% difference have been came out. When Settlement standard and measured data was compared difference had been came out about 3% in total settlement 0.1D criterion and from 12% to 35% difference had been came out in net settlement.

• 복식
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• 제46권
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• pp.31-48
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for classification of somatotype for boys of elementary school age. The subject were 458 elementary school boys aged from 7 to 12 living in Pusan. Data were collected by 56 anthropometric 11 photoraphic measurements and 41 body indices. 56 anthropometric measurements were analyzed by ANOVA and method of Duncan-test as Multiple Range Test among 6 grade groups and then total 108 measurments were analyzed by statistical data processing. The results are as followings: 1, In Duncan-test boys were significantly different in most of height and length items but were not significantly different in main items for clothing construction among 1.2/3.4/5.6 grades so that the period of elementary school age were divided with 3 periods. 2. According to increase school age most of item's means increased gradually and personal difference for each items increased too. In case of height and length items the items of lower half were greater than the items of upper half in personal difference and depth items were greater than the breadth items in personal difference. And weight and angle items were very great personal difference is specially.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparative financial performance of outsourcing and vertically integrated corporations from Footwear and Apparel industry. Research design, data, and methodology - Secondary data is collected from the published audited annual reports of the footwear and apparel corporations listed on stock exchanges globally. In the current study, 40 footwear firms have been opted that include 20 vertically integrated and 20 outsourcing firms. The sample is distributed into two groups based on threshold up-to 50 percent respectively outsourcing and vertically integrated companies. Sample independent t-test is applied to compare the financial performance of outsourcing and vertically integrated firms. Results - Based on the investigation of 10 years' data of financial ratio, the results of the study show that there is significant difference between outsourcing and vertical integration strategy on return on assets, return on equity while insignificant difference has found with profit margin. Conclusions - The findings of the current study indicates that there is significant difference between the financial performance of outsourcing and vertically integrated firms in terms of return on asset, return on equity and insignificant difference in terms of profit margin.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2018

This paper presents the numerical simulation of advection-diffusion mechanism of BOD concentration which was used as an indicator of waste only in one flow-direction of waste stabilization ponds (1-dimension (1-D)). This model was represented in partial differential equation order 2. The purpose of this paper was to determine the simulation of the model 1-D of wastewater transport phenomena based advection-diffusion mechanism and did validate the model. Numerical methods which was used for the solution of this model is finite difference method with Forward Time Central Space scheme. The simulation results which was obtained would be compared with field observation data as a validation model. Collection of field data was carried out in the Wastewater Treatment Plant Sewon, Bantul, D.I. Yogyakarta. The results of numerical simulations were indicate that the advection-diffusion mechanism takes place continuously over time. Then validation of the model was state that there was a difference between the calculation results with the field data, with a correlation value of 0.998.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

This study investigates and analyzes the difference in Indonesian banks' earnings quality in the pre-audit and post-audit period. This study also investigates the difference in audit quality done by public accounting firms. This study employs time series data taken from the unaudited and audited financial statements of banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2016. Sample selection is made by using a purposive sampling method. The population of this study is 43 banks, and after checking the data for validity and reliability, the final sample size was 26 banks. Audit quality is operationalized with the size of the auditor. Earnings quality is proxied by accruals calculated using the Beaver and Engel (1996) model. The data analysis method used in this study is the paired-sample t-test and chow test. This study shows that there is no difference in earnings quality in the pre-audit and post-audit period. This study also reveals no difference in audit quality between the big four and non-big four auditors. These findings mean that independent auditors do not play a useful role in increasing the reliability of accounting information presented by management to stakeholders. Besides, this study's results do not verify the agency theory regarding auditors' role to minimize opportunistic management behavior in preparing financial statements.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부 D
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• pp.666-668
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• 2000

In this paper, a fuzzy prediction method is proposed for time series data having uncertainty and non-stationary characteristics. Conventional methods, which use past data directly in prediction procedure, cannot properly handle non-stationary data whose long-term mean is floating. To cope with this problem, a data preprocessing technique utilizing the differences of original time series data is suggested. The difference sets are established from data. And the optimal difference set is selected for input of fuzzy predictor. The proposed method based the Takigi-Sugeno-Kang(TSK or TS) fuzzy rule. Computer simulations show improved results for various time series.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.151-167
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to present the direction of service marketing for improving customers' satisfaction by comparing the difference in medical and nursing service satisfaction between internal and external customers. Method : The subjects were outpatients and inpatients as the external customers and nurses, doctors, and staffs as the internal customers, in a university hospital. Data were collected from April 25 to May 2, 2001 through questionnaires. The 2 structured instruments were used for collecting the data: Customer Satisfaction Measurement 2000 developed by Korean Society of Quality Assurance in Health Care(1999) and nursing service satisfaction questionnaires by the researcher. Data were analyzed using SPSSWIN 9.0 with t-test, one-way ANOVA, scheffe test.Result : 1. In overall medical service satisfaction scores, external customers' satisfaction showed significantly higher than internal customers'(p=.000) and there was no significant difference between external customers(p>.05). But there was significant difference between internal customers(p<.05). 2. There was no significant difference in nursing service satisfaction between the external and internal customers (p>.05). In the external customers, inpatients' nursing service satisfaction showed significantly higher than outpatients' (p<.001). And there was significant difference in nursing service satisfaction between internal customers(p<.05). Conclusion : To increase external customers' satisfaction with medical and nursing service, hospital should carry out internal marketing strategies for improving internal customers' satisfaction. Also to increase outpatients' satisfaction, it should conveniently improve procedures of use and provide more information and education for outpatients.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess the quantitative characteristics of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and pressure depth (PD) at the abdominal conception vessel (CV) acupoints according to subjective digestive status and digestive discomfort levels, accomplished by comparing a large group of healthy men and women, using the modified digital algometer. Methods : A total of 1,504 healthy adults aged 19 years or older participated in this study. A questionnaire was administered to evaluate participants' digestive status and discomfort. PPT (kgf/cm²/s) and PD (mm) measurements were obtained at CV14, CV12, and CV4 acupoints using a modified digital algometer. General characteristics were analyzed using the chi-square test, and differences in PPT and PD were assessed using two-sample t-tests and ANCOVA. Results : Significant difference in PPT was found based on digestive status at CV14 and CV12 for both sexes, and in PD at CV14 for women. Women exhibited significant difference in PPT based on digestive discomfort at CV14, CV12, and CV4, while men showed significant difference at CV14 and CV12. Significant difference in PD was observed at CV14 and CV4 among women. Even after adjusting for age and body mass index, significant difference persisted in PPT based on digestive discomfort at CV14 and CV12 for both sexes. PD exhibited significant differences at CV14, CV12, and CV4 among women. Conclusions : Using the modified digital algometer, this study showed the significant difference of pressure pain threshold at the CV14 and CV12 acupoints for subjective digestive discomfort levels in healthy men and women.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2014

목 적 : 폐암의 정위적체부방사선치료시 실제 적용하고 있는 최대강도투사(MIP) 영상과 호흡위상별(0~90%)영상에서 3차원적으로 재구성된 선량 분포 차이를 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 정위적체부방사선치료를 시행한 비소세포성 폐암(NSCLC) 환자 5명을 대상으로 4차원 전산화단층영상을 시행하여 10개의 호흡위상별 영상을 획득한 후 최대강도투사 영상을 재구성하여 각 호흡위상별 치료계획을 수립하였고, 2차원 이온전리함과 선량분석프로그램 COMPASS(IBA dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany)을 이용하여 3차원적으로 재구성된 선량분포를 측정하였다. 이를 이용하여 치료계획 선량분포와 실제 측정 선량분포의 일치성 여부 및 최대강도투사 영상과 호흡위상별 영상에서 선량 분포의 차이를 정량적으로 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 최대강도투사 영상 및 호흡위상별 영상에서의 선량분포의 일치성을 알아보기 위한 감마분석 통과율은 대상 환자 모두 99%이상으로 평가기준을 만족 시켰으며, 각각의 환자들에 대한 최대강도투사 영상과 호흡위상별 영상에서 재구성된 선량의 HI(Homogeneity Index) 차이의 평균은 -0.03~0.04로 크지 않았으며, PTV(Planning Target Volume)의 Dmax 차이는 평균 3.30 cGy, 척수는 평균 40 cGy, 양측 폐, 우폐, 좌폐의 $V_{20}$, $V_{10}$, $V_5$ 차이는 평균 -0.04~2.32% 차이를 나타내었다. 또한 모든 환자에 대한 최대강도투사 영상과 호흡위상별 영상에서 재구성된 선량의 HI 차이의 평균은 -0.03~0.03로 크지 않았으며, PTV의 Dmax 차이의 평균은 10% 영상에서 가장 차이가 작았고, 70% 영상에서 가장 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 척수의 Dmax차이의 평균은 50% 영상에서 가장 차이가 작았고, 0% 영상에서 가장 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 폐 $V_{20}$, $V_{10}$, $V_5$의 차이의 평균은 호흡위상별로 일정한 경향성을 나타내지 않았다. 결 론 : 본 연구를 통해 최대강도투사 영상과 각 호흡위상별 영상에서 측정되어 3차원적으로 재구성된 선량분포차이는 일정한 경향을 나타내지는 않았지만 특정 호흡위상에서 선량 분포 차이가 상이한 경우를 볼 수 있었다. 종양의 위치 및 호흡 움직임이 유사한 대상환자군을 선정하여 체계적인 연구를 통해 데이터화 하게 되면 폐와 같이 움직임이 큰 장기의 정위적체부방사선치료시 특정 호흡위상에서 획득한 영상에서의 치료계획이 실제 치료에 적용되어야 하는지에 대한 적합성 여부를 판단 할 수 있을 것이라고 사료된다.