• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.420-430
• /
• 1991

To compare the hypolipidemic effects of n6 linoleic acid. n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid in rats fed high carbohydrate(70% Cal) diet. male Sprague Dawley rats were fed different experimental diets for 6 weeks. which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beer tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) for n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid(LL) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Plasma total cholesterol(Chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA. HDL-Chol level was raised by n6 LA, but there was no significant change in HDL-Chol levels by n3 LL and was lowered by n3 EPA. Plasma TG level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TC level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. The relative proportions of TG in VLDL was significantly lowered by n3 EPA. but the proportions of Apo B in VLDL was not changed by n3 EPA. Overall. the hypolipidemic effect was in the order of EPA+ DHA(n3) >LL(n3) >LA(n6) and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.23-37
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status of preschool children using the questionnaires about dietary behaviors and anthropometric indices. And also nutritional status was investigated using questionnaires for 24-hr recall method. The study was conducted in 145 children aged 3 to 6 years and questionnaires for dietary behaviors and dietary intakes were performed by mothers of children in Ulsan. Just nine percent of children were graded as good in terms of having healthy eating habits, this means that the nutrition education for the dietary behaviors should be more focused on preschool children. With regard to the frequency of food intake, children consumed green & yellow vegetables less frequently, meanwhile consumed high protein source food (meat, egg and bean) and milk and its product more frequently. Children almost never consumed fried foods as often as 1-2 times a weak. In assessment of the health status, children have the highest prevalence of colds and allergy, but lower prevalence of clinical symptoms due to the nutritional deficiency. The mean height was $103.6\;{\pm}\;6.4\;cm$ and significantly different among age (p < 0.05), but was not significantly different between sex. The mean weight was $17.8\;{\pm}\;3.0\;kg$ and significantly different in 5, 6years old among age. By the WLI criteria, 11.1% of children were underweight and 17.4% of children were overweight or obese. By the Rohrer index criteria, any children were not underweight and 86.8% of children were overweight or obese. By the Kaup index criteria, 2.8% of children were underweight and 29.2% of children were overweight or obese. And Obesity Index criteria, 2.1% of children were underweight and 20.8% of children were overweight or obese. The results of obesity rate by all criteria except Rohrer index indicated similar level, were significantly high in age 3 with all criteria, and decreased with age increased. The energy intake of children was lower than EER (Estimated Energy Requirements) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) by as much as 85.7%. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) was 62.6:21.5:15.7 as carbohydrate:protein:lipid, so children consumed protein more, but consumed lipid less compared with those of KDRIs. Vitamin A intake was 133% of recommended intakes (RI) and calcium intake which was identified as the nutrient most likely to be lacking in diets was 98.9% of RI. The intakes of all minerals and vitamins except folate were higher than KDRIs. 33.3% of children were distributed in insufficiency of energy intake, 42.7% of children were distributed in insufficiency of lipid intake. These results indicate that the need of developing of nutrition education program and further concern of a public health center, university and children care center about dietary life for preschool children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.8
• /
• pp.1294-1301
• /
• 2004

Soy foods are a unique dietary source of isoflavones, which have effects relevant to prostate cancer prevention. The present study determines the effects of a short-term isoflavone supplement on serum PSA (prostate specific antigen), lipid profile, antioxidant status, and immune system in prostate cancer patients. Ten prostate cancer patients were supplemented daily with 150 mg of isoflavone for 2 months. Blood samples were collected baseline and 2 month after for analysis of PSA, serum lipid profiles, total antioxidant status (TAS), grade of DNA damage in lymphocytes, IL-6, VEGF and TNF -$\alpha$. After 2 month isoflavone supplementation, increased significantly a total of estimated urinary isoflavone excretion and did not change PSA. Serum lipid profiles showed significant change in serum total cholesterol level (p=0.007). However, there was no significant change in HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels. TAS was increased but not significant after isoflavone supplementation. Tail moment (TM) was decreased and especially tail length (TL) was decreased significantly (p=0.043). IL-6 level was decreased but VEGF level and TNF -$\alpha$ level were increased. The results of the present study led to the conclusion that the isoflavone dosage (150 mg) in supplement had positive effects on the serum total cholesterol level and DNA damage.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.355-366
• /
• 1995

In order to identify some suitable diatoms as a live food source, effects of seven diatom species (Chaetoceros simplex, Navicula incerta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nitzschia closterium, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Thalassiosira weissflogii) were examined on specific growth rate, mean celt volume, chemical composition and general fatty acid composition. In cell volume. T. pseudonana was the smallest $(125{\mu}m^3)$ and T. weissflogii the largest $(824{\mu}m^3)$. However the specific growth rate of the largest diatom was the lowest (0.5016/day), and that of S. costatum was the highest (0.9928/day). The crude protein content of seven diatom species varied from $18.96\%$ (T. pseudonana) to $24,4\%$ (T, weissflogii). The crude lipid content of C. simplex was the highest $(8.43\%)$, and that of T. pseudonana was the lowest $(3.13\%)$. The total content of polyunsaturate fatty acids which are important for bivalve larvae was higher in C. simplex than those in other species. The total percent of polyunsaturate fatty acids from N. incerta and T. weissflogii was relatively lower than that from other species. Dietary value of seven diatom species were finally examined with Pacific oyster larvae Crassostrea gigas. In this experiment, C. simplex showed the highest survival rate and growth, and the larvae feed on S. costatum and T. weissflogii showed the poorest results. This results C. simplex could be more useful live food for bivalve larvae than other diatom species tested.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diet composition on serum leptin and lipids profiles in rats. At the baseline, seven 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, male, were sacrificed and the remaining rats were divided into five groups and each group was fed one of the following five dietary regiments for 2 weeks and 6 weeks;the control diet AIN76(CAL, n=2l), high-carbonhydrate(rice)(HCR, n=2l), high-carbohydrate(flour)(HCF, n=2l), high-fat(corn oil)(HFO, n=2l), high-fat(beef tallow)(HFB, n=2l). Serum leptin was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay at the baseline(n=7), 6 week(n=35) and 10 week of age(n=70). At 6 weeks of age, the increase in the Food Efficiency Ratio(FER) was related to adipocyte hyperplasia in rats on HFB diets. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol increased significantly in HFB group, and decreased in HFO group compared to control group. The HFC group showed significant increase in serum triglyceride level compared with control group. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks, noticeably high increases in epididymal adipose tissue fat cell mass and numbers were observed with the HFB fed group. Serum leptin levels increased as body weight increased over the period of time(4weeks; 1.50$\pm$0.13ng/ml versus 10weeks; 2.08$\pm$-.13ng/ml). And this result shows that there are 193% higher in rats fed high fat-beef tallow diet than the control diet. Serum leptin levels of the HFB group(4.01$\pm$0.39mg/ml) were significantly higher than that of the HFO(2.06$\pm$0.5613ng/ml), CAL(2.08$\pm$0.1313ng/ml), HCR(2.41$\pm$0.2113ng/ml) and HCF(2.80$\pm$0.4713ng/ml) at p<0.05. The serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with the amount of epididymal fat pads(r=0.47 p<0.01), serum triglyceride(r=0.49, p<0.001), tatal cholesterol(r=0.48, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol(r=0.58, p<0.001), atherogenic index(r=0.67, p<0.001), and inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.65, p<0.001). In conclusion, the changes in composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate intake could affect changes in concentration of serum lipids and leptin. Especially, the high-fat diet with animal fat source could increase circulating leptin level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 123-131, 2001)

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.255-260
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of phosphorus and iron levels in the diets containing fish meal as only protein source on the growth, feed conversion, body composition and blood characteristics of juvenile Korean rockfish, either graded monobasic potassium phosphate (MPP) of 1% (MPP-1), 2% (MPP-2), 3% (MPP-3) and 4% (MPP-4), or Fe-citrate (FC) of 0.022% (FC-1), 0.044% (FC-2), 0.066% (FC-3) and 0.088% (FC-4) was added to fish meal-based diet (MMP-0 or FC-0), respectively. Duplicate groups of 40 fish weighing 7g were fed the diets for 21 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient retention of fish fed diets with different MPP levels were not significantly different (P>0.05). Lipid content of whole body decreased with an increase in dietary MMP (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the Ht, Hb, total protein, or total glucose in serum among diets containing different MMP levels (P>0.05). Weight gain of fish fed the FC-0, FC-1 adn FC-3 diets was significantly higher than that of FC-4 diet (P>0.05), whereas feed efficiency, nutrient retention, hematological values (Ht, Hb, total protein, and total glucose), and whole body composition were not affected by dietary FC levels (P>0.05). The present results revealed that phosphate or iron supplementation to the diet containing 65% fish meal for juvenile Koran rockfish was not necessary.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.9
• /
• pp.26.1-26.8
• /
• 2018

Inclusion effect of soybean meal (SBM) and fermented SBM (FSM) in extruded pellet for juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was compared in abalone farm. Dietary inclusion effect of the combined macroalgae (MA) (Undaria pinnatifida and Hizikia fusiforme) and a single Saccharina japonica on abalone was also compared. Three thousand six hundred juvenile abalone were purchased from a private hatchery and acclimated to the experimental conditions for 2 weeks. Six 5-ton flow-through raceway tanks were used, and abalone were randomly distributed into tanks (n = 600 per tank). Three experimental diets were prepared in duplicate. Fish meal, FSM, corn gluten meal, and shrimp meal and wheat flour and dextrin were used as the protein and carbohydrate sources, respectively, in the FSM diet. MA was also included in the FSM diet. FSM and MA in the FSM diet were substituted with SBM at the expense of wheat flour and S. japonica, referred to as the SBM and SJ diets. The experimental diets were pelletized by an extruded pelleter. Water stability of nutrients in the experimental diets was monitored at 12, 24, and 48 h after seawater immersion. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day to satiation with a little leftover for 120 days. The retained crude protein and lipid and ash content of the extruded pellets were changed over all period of time. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the SBM diet were greater than those of abalone fed the FSM and SJ diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone fed the SJ diet were also greater than those of abalone fed the FSM diet. The longest shell length, widest shell width, highest shell height, and greatest soft body weight were obtained in abalone fed the SBM diet, followed by the SJ and FSM diets. Proximates of the soft body of abalone were not different among the experimental diets. In conclusion, SBM was a superior protein source to FSM in extruded pellet for growth performance of abalone. Dietary inclusion of a single S. japonica was superior to the combined inclusion of U. pinnatifida and H. fusiforme in the production of abalone.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.138-141
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of partially substituting meat meal for fish meal on the growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus during the winter season. Twenty-five fish (initial body weight, 23 g) were distributed into twelve 250 L flow-through tanks. Four experimental diets were prepared in triplicate: the control, MM20, MM40, and MM60 diets. Sixty percent mackerel meal was used as the primary protein source in the control diet. Meat meal was substituted for 20, 40, and 60$\%$ of the mackerel meal in the MM20, MM40, and MM60 diets, respectively. Survival was not significantly affected by the experimental diets. However, the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the control, MM20, and MM40 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the MM60 diet (P<0.05). The feed efficiency ratio of fish fed the control, MM20, and MM40 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the MM60 diet (P<0.05). The protein efficiency ratio for fish fed the control diet was significantly higher than that for fish fed the MM40 and MM60 diets (P$\%$ substitution of meat meal for fish meal in the diet could be implemented without a reduction in growth or deterioration of the feed efficiency of juvenile olive flounder during the winter season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.554-562
• /
• 2007

Ceramide rich intercellular lipid lamellae are thought to be particularly important in maintaining the structural integrity of epidermal barrier. Ceramide is synthesized de novo by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) phospholipid intermediates, serine and palmitic acid persist within the stratum corneum. The ceramide which is synthesized is degraded with fatty acid and sphingosine by degradative enzyme ceramidase. The depletion of ceramide in stratum corneum was reported in the atopic dermatitis. As an effort to search for the dietary source for improving the level of ceramide in epidermis, the dietary effects of various-typed silk protein were compared. Seventy male NC/Nga mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis, were divided into seven groups: group CA as an atopic control with control diet, group S: 1% crude sericin diet, group F: 1% crude fibroin diet, group PS : peptide pattern of sericin(Mw 5000), group PF: peptide pattern of fibroin (Mw 1500), group AS: manufactured the same as amino acid profile of sericin and group AF: manufactured the same as amino acid profile of fibroin. Ten male BALB/c mice were served as group C (control group) control diet. All mice were fed on diet and water ad libitum for 10 weeks. Dry skin condition was established in group CA as ceramide content was decreased. Despite a marked decrease of mRNA and prorein expression of SPT, enzyme do novo synthesis, ceramide content of group S was dramatically increased by inhibiting the mRNA and protein expression of degradative enzyme ceramidase. However, dietary supplementation of crude silk fibroin protein (group F) and in other groups that were supplemented with either amino acid or peptide type of sericin or fibroin did not increase the level of ceramide. Together, our data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of crude sericin is more effective at improving ceramide level in epidemis of NC/Nga mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.9
• /
• pp.1154-1161
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Sophorae fructus as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Sophora fructus were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 75.9%, 16.4%, 2.41%, and 5.2%, respectively, while the calories of Sophora fructus was 337.3 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 15.07% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 1.09% and 10.36%, respectively. The protein was composed of a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 2,310.91 mg and 5,218.52 mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P and Mg, which means Sophorae fructus is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 24.94%, 32.40%, and 32.86%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of vitamin C in Sophorae fructus was higher than that of any other plant, which suggests that it could increase blood elasticity. The content of rutin, which is responsible for capillary vessel permeability, was 1.78%. The contents of water soluble antioxidative materials in 1 mL of water-extracted Sophorae fructus were $4.95\;{\mu}g$ which is comparable to 1,560.96 mmol of vitamin C in antioxidant effect. The general nutrients and other antioxidatant bioactive materials in Sophorae fructus were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that a follow up study on Sophorae fructus through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.