• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.28-38
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• 1990

The study is concerned with the theoretical and experimental investigation of axisymmetric fluid pressure-driven hydroforming of sheet metal by forming over the die cavity. The rigid-plastic finite element method is employed to calculate the stress and strain distribution. The effect of blank size and die radius is also studied in the finite element analysis. Experiments are carried out for hydroforming of cold-rolled steel sheets under various process conditions. The computational results are compared with the experimental results for the forming pressure vs. pole displacement relations and strain distributions. Comparison has shown that theoretical predictions by the finite element method are in good agreement with the experiment with the experimental observations. Thus, it is shown that the rigid-plastic finite element method is effectively used in the analysis of axisymmetric fluid pressure-driven hydroforming process.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.3899-3908
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• 1996

In order to clarify the effects of nonmetallic inclusion contents insteels (SM45C & SCM440) on the tool life, cutting experiment was performed under various cutting conditions. Tool life, cutting force, roughness of machined surface and cutting mechanism are examined on these two kinds of steel. The following conclusions were obtained from the analysis (1) Cutting force of the steels was not affected by chemical component and nonmetallic inclusion. (2) If the rate of amount, Ca/S has a value grater than about 0.2 and addition of less amount of Al, Mn, tool wear of tips decreasesinturning. (3) It is also proved that higher contents of nonmetallic inclusion improve roughness of the surface. (4) Less amount of Ca, higher amount of S, Mn and Al improve the chip breakability.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1373-1377
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• 2014

핫스탬핑 공정은 고강도의 강을 얻을 수 있는 방법으로써, 일반적으로 보론강을 오스테나이트 온도까지 가열한 후, 성형과 냉각을 통해 제품을 생산한다. 열처리된 보론강은 1500MPa 이상의 강도를 가지기 때문에 경량화와 안전성을 동시에 향상시킬수 있는 특징이 있다. 뿐만아니라 우수한 성형성으로 인한 치수정밀도가 기존 강판대비 90 % 이상 향상되어 우수한 성형품질을 확보할 수 있는 장점도 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 디스크 레이저를 사용하여 핫스탬핑 강판의 맞대기 및 겹치기 용접을 실시하여 용접특성을 파악하였다. 실험결과, 맞대기 용접에서는 맞댄면의 갭에 영향으로 인해 겹치기 용접과 비교하여 더 빠른 속도에서도 완전 용입을 얻을 수 있었으며, 모든 용접부에서 열영향부에서 화이트밴드가 관찰되었다.

• 한국레이저가공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Recently the use of ultra high strength steels (UHSS) in structural and safety component is rapidly increasing in the automotive industry. For example, 1.5GPa grade hot stamping with die-quenching of boron steel 22MnB5 could apply crash-resistant parts such as bumpers and pillars. The development of laser welding process of hot stamping steels, fundamental bead-on-plate welding and lap joint welding test were carried out using 3kW Nd:YAG laser. Local hardening & HAZ softening occurred in hot stamping steel as a result of metallurgical change caused by the welding heat input in the Nd:YAG laser welding process. The size of soft zones in the hot stamping steel was related to the welding heat input, being smaller at high speeds which generated a smaller heat input. Also in the case of lap joint design structure, same welded characteristics were shown. The HAZ softening degree was controlled to ensure the joint strength.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.245-260
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• 2010

In this paper, experimental and theoretical investigations on the response and collapse of 310 stainless steel tubes with different diameter-to-thickness ratios subjected to cyclic bending are discussed. The tube-bending device and curvature-ovalization measurement apparatus were used to conduct the experiment. The endochronic theory combined with the principle of virtual work and finite element software, ANSYS, were used to simulate the moment-curvature and ovalization-curvature relationships. It is shown that although the two methods lead to good simulation of the moment-curvature relationship, the endochronic theory combined with the principle of virtual work has the better simulation of the ovalization-curvature response when compared with experimental data and the simulation by ANSYS. In addition, the theoretical formulations proposed by Kyriakides and Shaw (1987) and Lee et al. (2001) were used to simulate the controlled curvature-number of cycles to produce buckling relationship. It is shown that the theoretical formulations effectively simulate the experimental data.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 1995

The specimen for laser hardening have been carried out using SM45C which is coated with black paint or graphite for better absorption. Segmented mirror was used in order to produce a square beam ($10{\times}10mm$) at the surface with a homegeneous intensity distribution across the beam. $CO_2$-Laser power was changed from 2kW to 4kW and transfer velocity was varied from 0.1m/min to 2.0m/min. The maximum hardness and case depth of SM45C steel are 790Hv and 1.5mm by laser hardening. When the surface of specimens was melted during laser hardening. the surface hardness of SM45C steel was decreased. The surface hardness of 2 layer coated specimen(black paint: $15.4{\mu}m$, graphite coating: $9.5{\mu}m$) was increased than that of 1 layer coated specimen. It is desirable to prepare 2 or more coating layer on the steel surface in order to sufficient case depth and hardness in laser hardening. The graphite coating on the specimen surface was obtained more uniform temperature distribution than black paint coating in laser hardening process.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.601-607
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• 2021

Laser cladding a surface treatment process that grants superior characteristics such as toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance to the surface, and rebuilds cracked molds; as such, it can be a strong tool to prolong service life of mold steel. Furthermore, compared with the other similar coating processes - thermal spray, etc., laser cladding provides superior bonding strength and precision coating on a local area. In this study, surface characteristics are studied after laser cladding of low carbon steel using 18%Cr-2.5%Ni-Fe powder (Rockit404), known for its high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. A diode laser with wavelength of 900-1070 nm is adopted as laser source under argon atmosphere; electrical power for the laser cladding process is 5, 6, and 10 kW. Fundamental surface characteristics such as crossectional microstructure and hardness profile are observed and measured, and special evaluation, such as a soldering test with molten ALDC12 alloy, is conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance characteristics. As a result of the die-soldering test by immersion of low carbon alloy steel in ALDC12 molten metal, the clad layer's soldering thickness decreases.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1647-1653
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• 2011

일반적으로 사출금형의 사출주기는 플라스틱 제품의 냉각 시간에 크게 좌우되는 데, 냉각회로를 적용하여 조절할 수 있다. 금형의 냉각회로는 전통적으로 기계가공을 통하여, 직선형상만을 생성할 수 있었지만, 최근 적층조형 방법의 개발로 코어 형상을 따라가는 형상적응형 냉각회로를 생성할 수 있게 되었다. 한편 금형의 다이 재질로 열저항력이 크고, 치수변화가 적은 H13 스틸이 널리 사용되고 있지만, 열전도율이 낮기 때문에 냉각효율은 높지 않다. 이러한 점에서 열전달 효율을 극대화 시킬 수 있는 방법으로 H13 스틸과 구리(Cu)를 기능적으로 혼합한 기능성 경사 복합재(FGM)를 적층조형을 이용하여 냉각회로에 적용하는 방안이 검토되고 있다. 이러한 시도로서 본 논문에서는 H13 스틸과 Cu 간의 FGM을 이용한 형상적응형 냉각회로의 모델링 방법을 제안하고자 한다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.379-389
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• 2016

As a stator for steam turbine diaphragm, hollow-type nozzle stator to substitute for conventional solid one is introduced in this study. This hollowed stator can be separated into two parts such as upper and lower plates with large and curved surface area. This study focuses on thick plate forming process for the upper plate of the hollow-partitioned nozzle stator. First, to reduce forming defects such as under-cut and localized thinning of the deformed plate, and to avoid tool interruption between forming punch and lower die, tool design including the position determination of forming surfaces is performed. Uni-axial tensile tests are carried out using SUS409L steel plate with initial thickness of 5.00mm, and plastic strain ratio (r-value) is also obtained. Due to the asymmetric curved configuration of the upper plate, it is hard to adopt a series of blank holder or draw-bead, so the initial plate during this thick plate forming experiences unstable and non-uniform contact. To easy this forming difficulty and find suitable tool geometry without sliding behavior of the workpiece in the die cavity, two geometric parameters with respect to each shoulder angle of the lower die and the upper punch are adopted. FE models with consideration of 21 combinations for the geometric parameters are built-up, and numerical simulations are performed. From the simulated and predicted results, it is shown that the geometric parameter combinations with ($30^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$) and ($45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$) for the shoulder angle of the lower die and the upper punch are suitably applied to this upper plate forming of the hollow-partitioned nozzle stator used for the turbine diaphragm.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.31-32
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• 2006