• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.14-23
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• 2016

Objectives : One of major complications of diabetes, diabetic ulcer is also one of the main reasons for amputation, and the prevalence rate is 4-10%. Laser therapy is widely used for leg ulcer and diabetic ulcer, and it is known to improve wound epithelialization, cellular content, and collagen deposition. The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of the laser and the spectrum of laser instruments for diabetic ulcer. Methods : We performed literature search using the PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and Web of science for the data in English. In addition, other databases were checked for different languages such as OASIS and NDSL for the literature in Korean, CNKI in Chinese, and CiNii and J-STAGE written in Japanese. We excluded all review article and experimental studies, and only clinical studies using laser or light emitting diode (LED) for diabetic ulcer were selected. Results : A total twenty papers were selected. Different light sources were used as follows: LED, HeNe, InGaAlP, GaAlAs, GaAs, CO2, and KTP. The number of LED studies was 9, and HeNe laser was 7, and InGaAlP and GaAlAs laser was 2, GaAs, CO2, and KTP laser was 1 for each. Various energy density of the clinical study were reported. Conclusions : It is suggested that to select appropriate laser type and give the adequate output power to treat diabetic ulcer. Further evaluation and research for the condition of laser therapy to treat diabetic ulcers are warranted.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.495-500
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• 2008

Purpose: Adequate tissue oxygenation is considered as an essential factor for wound healing. In the non-diabetic population, an uncompromised macrocirculation generally leads to adequate tissue oxygenation. On the contrary, the macrocirculation in diabetic patients may not correlate with tissue oxygenation because of structural changes in the capillary basement membrane. Nevertheless, many medical professionals in Korea rely on macrocirculation evaluation when predicting wound healing potential of the diabetic ulcers. The purpose of this study is to compare reliability of two common macrocirculation assessment methods, Doppler probing and CT angiography, on tissue oxygenation in diabetic foot patients. Methods: Doppler and CT angiography scores were given according to the patency of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. Tissue oxygenation was measured by transcutaneous partial oxygen tension($TcpO_2$). Doppler and CT angiography scores were statistically analyzed against $TcpO_2$ values. Sixty-eight diabetic foot ulcer patients were included in this study. Results: The test was carried out on Doppler score and $TcpO_2$ variables displayed a p-value of 0.0202, and concluded that the two variables were statistically dependent. The test used to determine for linear trends between Doppler scores and $TcpO_2$ variables displayed a p-value of 0.0149, displaying statistical linear trend between the two variables. On the contrary, the tests between CT angiography scores and $TcpO_2$ variables showed p-values of 0.1242 and 0.6590, that means no correlation between CT angiography and $TcpO_2$ scores. Conclusion: Doppler probing is more reliable than CT angiography in predicting tissue oxygenation of diabetic foot ulcers.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2009

Purpose: The authors evaluated the clinical results and prognosis after amputating the lower extremity due to diabetic foot. Materials and Methods: From 1991 to 2003, the patients who had suffered amputation of his lower extremity due to diabetic foot ulcer were evaluated retrospectively. 79 patients were male and 6 patients were female. The author evaluated the patient who had the ipsilateral additional surgery, contralateral amputation, level of blood sugar, combined disease and mortality rate within 5 years from medical record. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival test. Results: Mean age of patients who had first experienced amputation was 63.4 years old. The mean duration of diabetes until amputation was $14.5{\pm}7.5$ years. Major amputations were 50 cases and minor amputations 35 cases. 20 patients (23.5%) were suffered ipsilateral secondary surgery including revised stump. Overall 5-year mortality rate was 18.8% (16 cases). Death rate within 1 year was 8.2% (7 cases), mortality rate within 3 years was 14.1% (12 cases). 5-year mortality rate after major amputation was 20% (10 cases) and after minor amputation was 17.1% (6 cases). It was statistically significant (p<0.05). Patient who underwent more than 2 combined vascular related disease had higher mortality rate than diabetic amputee without combined disease (p<0.05). Conclusion: Mortality rate after major amputation was significant higher than amputation after minor amputation in diabetic patients from our data.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2024

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has emerged as a valuable tool for managing complex wounds within the foot and ankle field. This review article discusses the expanding applications of NPWT in this specialized field. Specifically, it discusses the efficacy of NPWT for various wound types, including diabetic foot wounds, traumatic wounds, surgical wounds, and wounds involving exposed bone or soft tissue defects. NPWT demonstrates versatile utility for foot and ankle wound management by promoting healing, potentially reducing the need for secondary surgery, improving diabetic and neuropathic ulcer healing times and outcomes, and optimizing the healing of high-risk incisions. In addition, this review explores the underlying mechanisms through which NPWT might enhance wound healing. By synthesizing current evidence, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of NPWT in foot and ankle surgery and offers valuable insights to clinicians navigating the complexities of wound care in this challenging anatomical area.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 2006

Many clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of the platelet releasate or the platelet gel on chronic wounds. However, the patient's own blood had to be aspirated and processed to make the platelet releasate or a platelet gel. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of platelet concentrates from the blood bank for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. To obtain the basic data of the PDGF-BB content in platelet concentrates supplied from the blood bank, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay quantification was performed. On average, 8.5 pg of the PDGF-BB was released per 1 million platelets. Sixteen patients with diabetic foot ulcers ranging from 1.0 to $18.0cm^2$(mean, $6.1cm^2$) in size were treated. The platelet concentrates was centrifuged and the precipitantte was mixed with 1 ml of fibrinogen. The platelets and fibrinogen mixture was dispersed on to the ulcer lesions. The liquid platelet and fibrinogen mixture was then sealed using 0.3-1.0 ml of thrombin and moisture dressing was performed. The procedure was repeated every one or two weeks until wound closure. Time required for complete healing ranged from 3 to 12 weeks after treatment (mean, 7.3 weeks). Patient satisfaction was also very positive. In this study, the use of platelet concentrates from the blood bank was found to be effective in treating diabetic foot ulcers.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.129-132
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• 2004

1. Objectives Besides Diabetes Mellitus, its complications are matter of concerns as well. Its following complications are cardiovascular disease, glomerulopathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and diabetic gangrene. These complications can cause overall damage in major organs. In traditional oriental medicine it has been perceived that gangrene is mainly caused by "hwa(火)" but under sasang constitutional medicine its has been diagnosed as Taeumin superficial-disease(太陰人 表病) and Taeumin Jowiseungchung-tang(調胃升淸湯) was prescribed. As a result, significal improvments was noted and thefore we report the outcome. 2. Methods We have given Taeumin Jowiseungchung-tang(太陰人 調胃升淸湯) to a patient for treating diabetes complications. 3. Results This patient was treated with Sasang Constitional Medicine and acupuncture for about three weeks. After treatment, ulcer and whole body edema were improved considerbly. 4. Conclusions We have dianosed the patient as Taeumin superficial-disease(太陰人 表病) by undergoing several diagnostic method used in sasang constutional medicine. Therefore we have given Taeumin Jowiseungchung-tang(太陰人 調胃升淸湯) to the patient and has obtained satisfactory results in curing several diabetic complications especially ulcer due to diabetes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

Background Some diabetic feet heal without complication, but others undergo amputation due to progressive wounds. This study investigates the risk factors for amputation of diabetic feet. Methods A total of 55 patients who visited our institution from 2008 to 2012 were included in the study. The patients with abnormal fasting blood sugar levels, lower leg vascularity, and poor nutrition were excluded from the study group, and the wound states were unified. The patients were categorized into a treatment success group (n=47) and a treatment failure group (n=8), and their hemoglobin A1C (HgA1C), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), and serum creatinine levels were analyzed. Results The initial CRP, WBC, and serum creatinine levels in the treatment failure group were significantly higher than that of the treatment success group, and the initial HgA1C level was significantly higher in the treatment success group. The CRP and WBC levels of both groups changed significantly as time passed, but their serum creatinine levels did not. Conclusions The initial CRP, WBC, and serum creatinine levels were considered to be risk factors for amputation. Among them, the serum creatinine level was found to be the most important predictive risk factor. Because serum creatinine represents the renal function, thorough care is needed for the feet of diabetic patients with renal impairment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.408-420
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• 2016

This study proposes an alternative approach for the use of chitosan silver-based dressing for the control of foot infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Sixty-five bacterial isolates were isolated from 40 diabetic patients. Staphylococcus aureus (37%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.5%) were the predominant isolates in the ulcer samples. Ten antibiotics were in vitro tested against diabetic foot clinical bacterial isolates. The most resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolates were then selected for further study. Three chitosan sources were tested individually for chelating silver nanoparticles. Squilla chitosan silver nanoparticles (Sq. Cs-Ag⁰) showed the maximum activity against the resistant bacteria when mixed with amikacin that showed the maximum synergetic index. This, in turn, resulted in the reduction of the amikacin MIC value by 95%. For evaluation of the effectiveness of the prepared dressing using Artemia salina as the toxicity biomarker, the LC₅₀ was found to be 549.5, 18,000, and 10,000 μg/ml for amikacin, Sq. Cs-Ag⁰, and dressing matrix, respectively. Loading the formula onto chitosan hydrogel dressing showed promising antibacterial activities, with responsive healing properties for the wounds in normal rats of those diabetic rats (polymicrobial infection). It is quite interesting to note that no emergence of any side effect on either kidney or liver biomedical functions was noticed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.89-92
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• 2014

Myiasis is usually caused by flies of the Calliphoridae family, and Cochliomyia hominivorax is the etiological agent most frequently found in myiasis. The first case of myiasis in a diabetic foot of a 54-year-old male patient in Argentina is reported. The patient attended the hospital of the capital city of Tucum$\acute{a} $n Province for a consultation concerning an ulcer in his right foot, where the larval specimens were found. The identification of the immature larvae was based on their morphological characters, such as the cylindrical, segmented, white yellow-coloured body and tracheas with strong pigmentation. The larvae were removed, and the patient was treated with antibiotics. The larvae were reared until the adults were obtained. The adults were identified by the setose basal vein in the upper surface of the wing, denuded lower surface of the wing, short and reduced palps, and parafrontalia with black hairs outside the front row of setae. The main factor that favoured the development of myiasis is due to diabetes, which caused a loss of sensibility in the limb that resulted in late consultation. Moreover, the poor personal hygiene attracted the flies, and the foul-smelling discharge from the wound favoured the female's oviposition. There is a need to implement a program for prevention of myiasis, in which the population is made aware not only of the importance of good personal hygiene and home sanitation but also of the degree of implication of flies in the occurrence and development of this disease.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.482-489
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• 2017

Background Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is known to have anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects and to accelerate wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PDRN could improve peripheral tissue oxygenation and angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcers. Methods This was a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Twenty patients with a non-healing diabetic foot ulcer were randomly distributed into a control group (n=10) and a PDRN group (n=10). Initial surgical debridement and secondary surgical procedures such as a split-thickness skin graft, primary closure, or local flap were performed. Between the initial surgical debridement and secondary surgical procedures, 0.9% normal saline (3 mL) or PDRN was injected for 2 weeks by the intramuscular (1 ampule, 3 mL, 5.625 mg, 5 days per week) and perilesional routes (1 ampule, 3 mL, 5.625 mg, 2 days per week). Transcutaneous oxygen tension ($TcPO_2$) was evaluated using the Periflux System 5000 with $TcPO_2/CO_2$ unit 5040 before the injections and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the start of the injections. A pathologic review (hematoxylin and eosin stain) of the debrided specimens was conducted by a pathologist, and vessel density (average number of vessels per visual field) was calculated. Results Compared with the control group, the PDRN-treated group showed improvements in peripheral tissue oxygenation on day 7 (P<0.01), day 14 (P<0.001), and day 28 (P<0.001). The pathologic review of the specimens from the PDRN group showed increased angiogenesis and improved inflammation compared with the control group. No statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the PDRN group in terms of vessel density (P=0.094). Complete healing was achieved in every patient. Conclusions In this study, PDRN improved peripheral tissue oxygenation. Moreover, PDRN is thought to be effective in improving inflammation and angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcers.