• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 1993

New lipophilic Crown-4 compounds of 16-membered rings containing furan (neutral carrier,I), tetrahydrofuran (neutral carrier,II) and lithium complex of the latter (neutral carrier,III) have been synthesized and tested as the active sensors for lithium ion in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode, in the presence and absence of an anion excluder, tetrakis(4-chloro-phenyl)borate (KTClPB), 2-nitrophenyl phenyl ether (NPPE), tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP), o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), dioctyl adipate (DOA), bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (BEHA), di-n-octylphenyl phosphonate (DOPP) were used as plasticizing solvent mediators. The electrode response function had a nearly Nernstian slope of 54-61 mV per decade (25$^{\circ}$C) within the concentration range of $10^{-1}-10^{-4}$ M LiCl and the detection limits for all electrodes were ca. $5{\times}10^{-4}$ M. The response time of the electrode was faster at the higher lithium concentration and the response of the electrode was stable for longer than 6 months. The sensor membranes exhibit improved response times and increased lifetimes as compared to the system described earlier.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2001

A study of the levels of phthalate and adipate esters, which are suspected as endocrine disruptors, in food packaging wraps and packaged foods were carried out. Among 11 wrap samples, 8 household wraps purchased at retail markets were polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and polyethylene(PE), while 3 commercial wraps at wholesale markets were PVC. All of 51 selected food samples, such as 12 samples of vegetable, 11 samples of fruit, 6 samples of bread and rice cake, 4 samples of meat and poultry, 4 samples of fish and 14 samples of side dish, packaged with commercial PVC wraps containing adipate esters were purchased at retail markets. The level of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA) and diisononyl adipate(DINA) was from 2.2 to 17.9% and from 4.2 to 22.3% in household PVC wraps, respectively. In the commercial PVC wraps, the level of DEHA showed from 18.3 to 22.5%, while other phthalate esters were not detected. The phthalate and adipate esters were not detected in PE wraps. The level of DEHA in packaged foods, such as vegetable, fruit, bread and rice cake, meat and poultry, fish and side dish, were determined up to $8.2\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;17.4\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;31.0{\mu}g/cm^2,\;8.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;2.1\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ and $92.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2$, respectively. The results suggested that migration levels of DEHA in foods were closely related to the fat content, wrapping condition of food and stroage time and temperature.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

This study was performed to survey the school supplies such as pencil, eraser, notebook and color paper. Twenty-two kinds of samples were collected near the school zone, and eight kinds of phthalate which is one of the environmental hazard factors analyzed to estimate the contents characteristics of products. As the results of these research, three kinds of phthalates (BBP, DNOP and DIDP) were not detected in the selected samples. In the A group, DEHP and DINP were detected in the rage of 22%~28%, and DINP was selected 28%, 24% and 28% in the A-1, A-3 and A-4 samples, respectively. But the selected samples in the B group were detected less than 1,000 ppm as regulated level. Also, The DBP was detected 1% in the C-2 sample, and DEHP was detected 0.3% in the C-1 and C-6 samples. The DEHA was detected 0.3% in the D-3 sample. In this study, the DINP was mainly detected the eraser, therefore this kind of phthalate can be exposed through dermal exposure.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 1990

Extraction and analysis conditions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) and its migration contents into foods wrapped with plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film during storage and cooking with microwave were examined using gas chromatography. Experiments on the extraction solvent and method showed that the method of reflux using carbon tetrachloride for longer than one hour allowed the highest extraction of DOA. Analysis of four PVC wrap films from different factories in domestic market showed the DOA contents of 18.9% for home-use and 24.6% for retail-use on the average. The highest migration during storage was observed in pork belly, which were 21% and 26% after one and three days respectively. During microwave cooking; smaller than 5.5% of DOA were migrated into foods when the film was not contacted with foods, whereas about 49% migration was observed in pork belly contacted with film directly.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.2 s.56
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

This study was Performed to survey and evaluate the contents of Plasticizers such as DEP(diethyl phthalate), DPrP(di-n-Phthalate), DBP(di-n-butyl Phthalate), DPP(di-n-pentyl Phthalate), DCHP(dicyclohexyl phthalate), BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate), DEHP(di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) and DEHA(di-(2-ethylheryl) adipate), which are suspected as endocrine disruptors, in food and drug PVC packaging. Tested samples were 5 food wraps, 35 food containers, 40 food and drug packages(type of tablet and capsule) in Gyeonggi-Do area. The contents of DEHA in wrap were 188.9g/kg, 203.1g/kg, 238.4g/kg, 290.9g/kg and 308.3g/kg, respectively, while the other plasticizers were not detected. DEHP was used in 4 samples of food containers and DEHP contents were 4.7g/kg, 30.7g/kg, 35.8g/kg and 53.4g/kg, respectively. In food and drug packaging materials(type of tablet and capsule), the plasticizers were not detected.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2009

Migration levels of plasticizers, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate(DNOP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), from 46 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) wrap films and 54 PVC gaskets into food simulants were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The method was validated with limit of detection (LOD) of $0.01{\sim}0.02\;{\mu}g/mL$ for DBP, BBP, DNOP and DEHA, and $2\;{\mu}g/mL$ for DIDP and DINP. The linearity were found to be > 0.99 for all the compounds in concentration range of $0.1{\sim}81.4\;{\mu}g/mL$, and overall recoveries were ranged from 90.4 ~ 99.6%. DBP, BBP, DNOP, DEHA, DIDP and DINP were not detected in food simulants, except 1 wrap sample from which 0.28 and $0.99\;{\mu}g/mL$ of DEHA were detected respectively when tested with 20% ethanol and n-heptane as food simulants. These values were below the regulatory limitation in European Union (EU).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2006

Our previous research has identified granulin (grn) and p130 genes as sex steroid-inducible genes in the rat hypothalamus, which might be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain. Phthalate esters that are used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods such as dairy products are often mentioned as suspected endocrine disrupters. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate whether perinatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) affects hypothalamic sex steroid-inducible genes. The present study assessed the effects of perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA on sex steroid hormones levels and hypothalamic gm and p130 mRNA expressions at postnatal day (PND) 3 and 7. Pregnant rats were fed a soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4,000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day (GD) 15 to GD 3 or 7. At PND 3 and 7, perinatal exposure to these chemicals did not substantially affect serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol. At PND 3, the expression of grn mRNA levels in males was decreased by DEHA, and that of p130 was decreased by DBP, DINP and DEHA, though the effects were not dose-dependent. At PND 7, the expression of gm gene in female pups was increased by higher doses of DBP and all the doses, except for 4,000 ppm, of DINP, while that in male pups decreased by 480 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA. Hypothalamic expression of p130 mRNA in males was increased by lower doses of DBP and all the doses of DINP, whereas that of females was decreased by 480 and 2,400 ppm of DEHA. These results suggest that these chemicals may affect the expression of gm and p130 genes by directly acting on the hypothalamus, thus leading to inappropriate expression of these genes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.651-662
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• 2006

Phthalate esters that are used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods such as dairy products are often mentioned as suspected endocrine disrupters. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate whether perinatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) affects several aspects of reproductive function in rats especially sexual differentiation of the brain. To this end, the dams were provided with pulverized soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4,000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day (GD) 15 to postnatal day (PDN) 21, the day of weaning, and serum sex steroid hormone, gonadotropin levels and sexual behaviors after maturation were assessed. At Postnatal week (PNW) 20-21, serum levels of sex steroids and gonadotropins in both male and female rats, as well as estrous cyclicity in females, were not changed by perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA, indicating that these chemicals did not affect sexual differentiation of the brain controlling the endocrine system of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. On the other hand, inhibitory influences on sexual behaviors, especially on ejaculation in males and lordosis in females, were observed by perinatal exposure to these chemicals. These results suggest that these chemicals may act directly on discrete regions of the hypothalamus regulating sexual behaviors, but not regulating gonadotropin secretion, thereby affect sexual differentiation of the brain with a resultant decrease in sex-specific behaviors in adulthood.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

Among the phthalic esters, di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which are categorized endocrine disrupting chemicals, account toy up to 80％ of the world production. Nine phthalic esters were quantitatively determined in water and in sediment samples from Gawngyang Bay and Seomjin River estuary. This might be the first report in contamination of phthalates in the marine environment of Korea. DBP and DEHP were detected with the high concentration and high frequency, while the other phthnlic compounds were below the detection limits. The aveyage concentyations of DBP and DEBP in sediment from Gawngyang Bay were 33.8 ng g$\^$-1/ and 67.4 ng g$\^$-1/ on a dry weight basis, respectively. The concentrations in surface watey from Seomjin River estuary were in the range of 62.7∼333.8 ng L$\^$-1/ for DBP and 25.6 ng L$\^$-/∼116.1 ng L$\^$-1/ for DBHP. In sediments from Seomjin River estuary, DBP ranged 9.1∼149.3 ng g$\^$-1/, and DEHP 46.3∼156.3 ng g$\^$-1/. Phthalic esters concentrations found in Seomjin River estuary were much less than those in other rivers in Korea. Distribution pattern of DBP and DEHP concentrations in Seonliin River estuary indicates that both compounds aye introduced to Gwangyang Bay through run-off.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

The actual specific migration data for antioxidants and di-ethylhexyl adipate from plastic food packaging materials being used for fatty food and at high temperature into various food simulants were obtained and compared in accordance with the testing methods and conditions in EU, USA and Korea or Japan. In the case of food packaging material for high temperature use, especially in a thick film such as polypropylene in $450{\mu}m$ thickness, a significant difference in the migration value for antioxidants was observed depending on the migration testing condition and simulants used as defined in the each country areas. Considering the reduction factor of 2 to 5 as being currently applied in EU and USA regulations, the migration values obtained by testing methods of Korea or Japan can exhibit actually higher than those of EU and USA. The migration testing conditions are required to be specified diversely according to the actual exposure temperature of packaging materials.