• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2022

This study investigated the culture characteristics of Cryptoporus volvatus, whichis grow naturally in Korea, to determine the suitable environmental conditions for its cultivation. The physiological characteristics of the mycelia were assessed according to the cultivation conditions, to determine the optimal conditions for artificial cultivation. The visual characteristics of the hyphae of Cryptoporus volvatus KACC52303 included an irregular and uneven surface and a fuzzy or cotton-like texture. Under the microscope, its microstructure showed pre-chlamydospore formation, but no clamps were seen. The appropriate culture temperature was found to be a medium/high temperature of approximately 25-30℃, and the optimal pH was found to have a wide range from weakly acidic (pH 4) to neutral (pH 7). In the optimal nutrient source experiment, hyphal growth was shown to be fair in a mixed medium with 2.5% dextrin as the carbon source and 0.1% yeast extract as the organic nitrogen source. Among the various amino acids, organic acids, and inorganic salts tested, the fastest hyphal growth was observed in the presence of leucine, acetic acid or gluconic acid, and KCl or KH₂PO₄, respectively. The column test showed that the best mycelial growth occurred in a mixed medium of 80% pine sawdust, 10% rice bran, and 10% corncob sawdust.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2008

Effects of the various dietary additives on growth and tolerance of abalone Haliotis discus hannai to the stresses were determined in the 16-week feeding trial. Seventy juvenile (an initial body weight of 4.2 g) abalone per container were randomly distributed into 21, 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. The six kinds of experimental diets were prepared: control (CON) with no additive, by-product of green tea (BPG), extract of figs (EF), extract of green tea (EG), commercially available product of Hearok (PH), and Haematococcus (HC). In addition, dry sea tangle (ST) was prepared to compare the efficiency of the experimental diets. Fishmeal, soybean meal and shrimp head meal were used as the protein source, and dextrin, sea tangle powder and wheat flour, and soybean oil and fish oil were used as the carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively in the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16-week feeding trial, abalone was exposed to the different types of stresses (air exposure, and sudden changes of rearing temperature and salinity). Survival of abalone fed the sea tangle was highest. However, weight gain of abalone fed the EF, EG and PH diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the BPG diet or dry sea tangle. Shell length of abalone fed the all experimental diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the dry sea tangle. Accumulated mortality of abalone fed the sea tangle was low when exposed to the different types of stresses. Also, relatively low mortality was achieved in abalone fed the HC and EF diets. In considering these results, it can be concluded that the various sources of additives is effective to improve production of abalone, and Haematococcus and extract of figs can be considered as dietary additives to improve resistance of abalone against the different types of stresses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1548-1555
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• 2011

Persimmons are shown to contain high levels of phenolics. The present study was designed to investigate if a sweet persimmon wine (SPW) would affect the development of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Initially, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed singly in stainless steel wire-bottomed cages in a room of controlled temperature and lighting. The rats had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. After the acclimatization period, rats were weight-matched and assigned to the following three groups: two groups were fed 6.7% ethanol or the caloric equivalent of maltose-dextrin in a Lieber-DeCarli diet and the other group was fed the isocaloric Lieber-DeCarli diet containing SPW at the same ethanol level. All three groups were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. Serum transaminase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Liver lipids and histology were assessed at 6 weeks. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of SPW were determined. SPW significantly increased antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. As markers of liver injury, serum alanine and aspartate transminases were markedly lowered by SPW at 6 weeks. SPW significantly reduced the serum levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to ethanol treatment. SPW delayed the development of an alcoholic fatty liver by reversing fat accumulation in the liver, as evidenced in histological observations. Taken together, SPW seems to protect the liver from becoming fatty by alleviating fatty liver symptoms and lowering hepatic and serum lipid levels. Such a protective effect of SPW appears to be in part due to its phenolics.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1997

Major object of this study was to investigate the causative organism of th e diseased cultured fingerling of sea bass, L japonicus. The experimental results are summarized as follows ; Staphylococcus epidermidis, isolated from the liver, kidney, spleen and brain, was considered to be the causative organism. External symptoms of this disease were congestion and hemorrhages in eyes. Anatomical symptoms were hemorrhage of brain, congestion of liver, and slight swelling of kidney and spleen. Growth of the isolates was good on BHIA, HIA and Staphylococcus No. 110. The growth occurred at a range(optimum) of $10\sim45^{\circ}C(35\sim40^{\circ}C)$, 0~9% (1~3%) of NaCl concentration and pH 4~10(8). DNase and coagulase production of all isolated strains were nagative, but was positive in hemolysis. Urease was positive reaction, and novobiocin resistance was nagative. Acid was produced anaerobically from glucose and maltose. Acid was produced aerobically from glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose and dextrine. But gas was not produced from any carbohydrates. When the isolated strain was injected intramuscularly on fingerling of sea bass, L japonicus, it had virulence at $1.7{\times}10^{10}$ viable cells/$m\ell$ for all fish examined but no virulence at $1.7{\times}10^4$ viable cells/$m\ell$. Bacitracin, Erythromycin and Nofloxacin were observed as bacteriostatic agents to the strain, but Colistin, Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid were not. There were remarkable congestion of the brain, regressive necrosis of the liver, and showed necrosis of the epithelial cells of renal tubules in kidney tissues.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Typhula incarnata grew over a temperature range of -5 to $20^{\circ}C$ with maximum growth at 10 to $15^{\circ}C$. Sclerotial production for T. incarnata was greatest at the higher temperature. Maximum mycelial growth of this pathogen occurred from pH 5.4 to 6.2. When carbon sources were added to a basal salt medium (Czapek's dox agar) at 5 g carbon sources/l, inulin, soluble starch, galactose, glucose, mannose, manitol, sucrose, maltose, cellobirose, trehalose, raffinose, and dextrin supported growth better than other carbon sources did. Of the twenty-three nitrogen sources tested, glycine, serine, ammonium sulfate, asparagine, asparatic acid, and ${\beta}-alanine$ were the most favorable for mycelial growth of T. incarnata. Cystine and cysteine were poor nitrogen sources. Ammonium salt of nitrogen sources supported growth better than nitrate salt of nitrogen sources. Potato dextrose agar, oat meal agar, and V-8 juice agar were the most favorable for mycelial growth and sclerotial formation. Appropriate addition of pepton to PDA decreased mycelial dry weight, but sucrose supported good growth of T. incarnata. Percent viable sclerotia of T. incarnate buried in bentgrass soil decreased from 2 months after treatment remarkably. Trichoderma riride and bacteria were isolated from non-germinated sclerotia. Live orchard grass leaf pieces within the soil were colonized by T. incarnata better than sterile and unsterile dead leaf pieces at $0^{\circ}C$. Saprophytic ability of T. incarnate on sterile leaf sheath occurred better at $0^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. Saprophytic microflora consisting of Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Pythium sp., and unidentified fungi were the competitors for the sterilized and unsterilized substrate, but their colonization was not find on live leaf sheath buried in the soil at $0^{\circ}C$. In the effect of fungicides to Typhula snow mold disease of creeping bentgrass, mixture of polyoxin and thiram was the most effective, followed by iprodione, mixture of iprodione and oxine copper, thiophanate-methyl, myclobutanil, and tolclofos-methyl.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2006

Effect of the various sources of dietary additives on growth, body composition and shell color of abalone Haliotis discus hannai was investigated for 16 weeks. Forty juvenile abalone averaging 13.5 g were randomly stocked into 21 of 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. Eight kinds of additives were prepared for this study: four commercially available microalgae [Haeatococcus (Hae), Isochrysis galbana (Iso), Shizochytrium (Sch) and Spirulina (Spi)], three crustacean meals [krill meal (KM), shrimp head meal (Shm) and red crab meal (Rcm)], and green tea by-product (Gre). In addition, dry sea tangle (Dst), Laminaria japonica, as a control, was prepared. Casein, dextrin and a mixture corn oil and fish oil was protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively, in the experimental diets. The 2% each additive was included into the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at the ratio of $1.5{\sim}2.0%$ total biomass of abalone with a little leftover throughout the 16-week feeding trial. Survival of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, weight gain of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. Weight gain of abalone fed the Spi diet was highest and Shi, KM and Iso diets in order. Shell length and the ratio of soft body weight to body weight of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, shell width of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. The shell color of abalone fed the Spi diet was improved the most distinctively and similar to that of natural abalone. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experimental diets with the various sources of additives (microalgae and crustacean meals) was effective to improve growth of abalone and dietary inclusion of Spirulina was most effective to improve shell color of abalone.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3 s.67
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• pp.38-50
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Korean ginseng (KG), Korean red ginseng (KRG) and fermented Korean red ginseng (FKRG) extracts on cerebral hemodynamics and to compare distinction of each extract. Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers $(26.0{\pm}1.8yrs)$ participated in the study according to double-blind and cross-over protocols. Each volunteer was blindly administered 500mg of KG, KRG, FKRG extract or placebo (Dextrin). Blinded researchers measured changes of hyperventilation-induced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), mean blood flow velocity (MBFV) of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and corrected blood flow velocity at $P_{ETCO2}=40mmHg$ (CV40) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (DWL Co., Germany). Researchers also observed changes of mean blood pressure (MBP), pulse rate (PR) and expiratory $CO_2$ using S/5 Collector (Datex-Ohmeda Co., Finland). The evaluation was performed at basal condition, and repeated at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after administration. Results: MBFV and CV40 in the KRG group tended to rise at I hour after administration, while those of the FKRG group tended to rise at 2 hours after administration. CVR increased significantly after 1 hour in the KRG group (p=0.009) and after 2 hours in the FKRG group (p=0.035), respectively. The KG group showed increasing tendency at 4 hours after administration. No group showed significant difference from the placebo in changes of MBP and PR. Conclusions: It is suggested that KG, KRG and FKRG extracts have effects of enhancing CVR and thus of increasing cerebral blood flow in human subjects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.754-759
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• 2017

The 100 l culture system was made on the basis of LED light, and Nannochloropsis oculata was cultured in f/2 medium at light intensity ($100{\mu}mol/m^2/s$), culture temperature ($20^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) and LD cycle (12hr). As a result, the maximum biomass of 1.07 g/l was cultured as a result of 100 l mass culture at $100{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ and 24 mg/l nitrate concentration in LED blue (475 nm). The extraction was carried out using sonicator, homogenizer and chemical method 0.5M HCl shredding method. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid were 1.6, 0.5 and 0.3 mg/g cell. When using homogenizer, it was measured at 1.0, 0.6 and 0.2 mg/g cell. The chemical breakdown method of 0.5M HCl, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents were measured as 0.9, 0.8, 0 mg/g cell. The highest amount of biomass during the distruption time was measured at 3.6 mg/g cell at 15 min disintegration and acetone, 3.6 mg/g cell of acetone, methanol, and ethanol were measured as effective solvents. Concentration was measured by using microfilter, disk type continuous centrifuge and tubular type continuous centrifuge were 16.0, 1.1 and 0.5 g/l, respectively. Four kinds of equipment such as hot air dryer, vacuum dryer, spray dryer and freeze dryer were tested to optimize the drying process. As a result, the recovery rates of spray dryer and freeze dryer were 80% and 60%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.14 no.3 s.24
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• pp.111-131
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• 1975

The study has been carried out to investigate the occurrence, damage, characteristics of the pathogen, environmental conditions affecting the disease outbreak, varietal resistance, forecasting, and chemical control of bacterial leaf blight of rice in Korea since 1964. Bacterial leaf blight of rice became a major disease in Korea since 1960. A correlation was found between the annual increase of epidemics and increase of cultivation area of susceptible varieties, Jinheung, Keumnampung etc. Areal damage within the country showed that the more was at southern province, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam and western coast, and at flooded rice paddy. Yield reduction directly related with the amount of infection on upper leaves at heading stage. Fifty per cent of reduction resulted when the lesion area was more than 60 per cent. Less than 20 per cent of lesion area, however, was not affected so much on yield loss One hundred and six isolates collected from all over the country were classified as 8 strains by using 4 different bacteriophages in 1973. It was, however, only two in 1965. There were some specificities on varietal distributions among the strains such as that the Jinheung attacked mainly by strain A, B, C and I, those attack Kimmaze were A, B, H and I. Most strains were found from Tongil except D and E, whereas Akibare was only variety that attacked by strain E. Low temperature, high humidity, heavy rainfall and insutficient daylight favored the disease epidemics. Especially, typhoon and flooding at heading stage were critical factors. The earlier transplanting the more disease was resulted, and more nitrogen fertilizer application accerelated the diseased development in general. The resistance to the disease varied by growing stage of the sane plants. All of recommended varieties in Korea were susceptible to the disease except Norm No. 6 and Sirogane which moderately resistant. The pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae, was detectable from extract of healthy seedlings that were grown in the field with an heavy infection previous year. The more bacteriophage in irigation water resulted the more disease outbreak, and the existence of more than 50 bacteriophages in 1ml. of irrigation water were necessary to initiate the disease out break. The curves representing occurrence of bacteriophages and disease outbreak were similar with 15 days interval. The survey of bacteriophage occurrence can be utilized in forecasting of the disease two weeks ahead of disease outbreak. Three applications of chemicals, Phenazin and Sangkel, in weekly intervals at the early satage of out-break depressed the symptom development, and increased yield by 20per cent. Proper period for the chemical application was just before the number of bacteriophage reaches 50 in 1ml. of irrigation water.