• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.163-194
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• 2013

This study aims at giving examples that can be applied in the real education field, and it develops theme-based integrative education program for Industrial Specialized high school students. It analyzed the models of many scholars about the development of education course, and devised developmental models and procedures of the theme-based integrative education program of engineering specialized high school from those. As a result, it used and reorganized ADDIE model which is the systematic education course development model and the theme-based integrative education development model of Frazee and Rudnitski(1995) as the basic structure, and came to devise theme-based integrative education program of engineering specialized high school while referring to creative engineering design education program development model by Lee Chang-hoon. This study that is theme-based integrative education program for engineering-specialized high school students and is the result of this study has the following characters. First, This theme-based integrative education program that is developed for engineering-specialized high school students can be applied and the initial example that approach the Theme-Based. Second, This Education Program included the Activity project that is "Making Maglev" for the third grade at the engineering-specialized high school and One of the Program's aim is to bring up their attitude that engaged to in the class having the Interest. Third, Theme-based integrative education program for engineering-specialized high school is composed the workbook for the students and the teaching guidance plan for the teachers. Workbook for the students is composed four Units;"Brief about the Maglev","Basic principles about the Maglev","Intensive principles about the Maglev", Activity project about the Maglev". And each unit is made by Learning Purpose, Introducing, Learning Contents(Deepen Learning, Reading Magazines), Assesment etc. Teaching guidance plan for the teachers include that Summary, Purpose, Time Planing & Streaming Map for the class, contents associated Maglev, prerequisite learning, constructure of the education program, flow chart, learning activity, assesment(self-appraiser and peer review).

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.263-280
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• 2014

The dynamics of global alliance networks can be analyzed in numerous ways. We have chosen to approach it in terms of alliance stability. Although increasing academic attention has been devoted to the alliance dynamics field, the majority of prior research has neither contributed to a coherent knowledge foundation(an academic gap) nor provided adequate answers to managerial questions(a managerial relevance gap). We respond to their call for research by developing an integrated process model that integrates various studies on alliance stability. The primary tasks were (1) to characterize and conceptualize the stability concept to fill the academic gap, and (2) to identify critical endogenous factors underlying alliance stability over the different developmental stages to fill the managerial gap. Knowledge acquired in this paper is also expected to offer alliance managers and practitioners some valuable implications as they strive for stable and successful collaborative relationships. As one of the basic arguments, stability has been viewed as a necessary condition for the achievement of collaborative objectives. When firms form, implement, adjust and evaluate their alliances, they should have the goal of stability in mind. At the same time, management should be in a position to determine the specific actions needed for stability at any given moment in the alliance's lifetime.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

Objective: Autophagy contributes to the clearance and recycling of macromolecules and organelles in response to stress. We previously reported that vitrified mouse oocytes show acute increases in autophagy during warming. Herein, we investigate the potential role of Atg7 in oocyte vitrification by using an oocyte-specific deletion model of the Atg7 gene, a crucial upstream gene in the autophagic pathway. Methods: Oocyte-specific Atg7 deficient mice were generated by crossing Atg7 floxed mice and Zp3-Cre transgenic mice. The oocytes were vitrified-warmed and then subjected to in vitro fertilization and development. The rates of survival, fertilization, and development were assessed in the Atg7 deficient oocytes in comparison with the wildtype oocytes. Light chain 3 (LC3) immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine whether this method effectively evaluates the autophagy status of oocytes. Results: The survival rate of vitrified-warmed $Atg7^{f/f}$;Zp3-Cre ($Atg7^{d/d}$) metaphase II (MII) oocytes was not significantly different from that of the wildtype ($Atg7^{f/f}$) oocytes. Fertilization and development in the $Atg7^{d/d}$ oocytes were significantly lower than the $Atg7^{f/f}$ oocytes, comparable to the $Atg5^{d/d}$ oocytes previously described. Notably, the developmental rate improved slightly in vitrified-warmed $Atg7^{d/d}$ MII oocytes when compared to fresh $Atg7^{d/d}$ oocytes. LC3 immunofluorescence staining showed that this method can be reliably used to assess autophagic activation in oocytes. Conclusion: We confirmed that the LC3-positive signal is nearly absent in $Atg7^{d/d}$ oocytes. While autophagy is induced during the warming process after vitrification of MII oocytes, the Atg7 gene is not essential for survival of vitrified-warmed oocytes. Thus, induction of autophagy during warming of vitrified MII oocytes seems to be a natural response to manage cold or other cellular stresses.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

The efficient strategies to cope with unpredictable and/or harmful environmental changes have been developed by every organism in order to ensure its survival and continuity of it's own species. As a results, all living things on earth maintain dynamically internal stability via a process termed 'homeostasis' among physiological parameters despite of external environment changes. Stress is an emotional and physical response to threat homeostasis. Stress may have not only transient but rather permanent effect on the organism; recent evidence clearly show that prenatal stress could organize or imprint permanently physiological systems without any change in genetic codes, a process known as 'epigenetic programming'. In this review, a series of reproduction-associated events occurred in prenatally stressed male rats such as alteration in the structure of sexually dimorphic brain regions, modification of neurotransmitter metabolism, changes in reproductive endocrine status, and finally, disorders of sexual behavior will be introduced. The fetal brain is highly sensitive to prenatal programming and glucocorticoids in particular have powerful brain-programming properties. The chronic hyperactivation of fetal brain by maternal stress-induced glucocorticoid input will provide new program via increasing the neuroplasticities. This 'increased neuroplasticities' will be the basis for the 'increased phenotypic plasticities' rendering the organism's better adaptation to environmental challenges. In conclusion, organism who experienced 'harsh' environment in his fetal life seems to give up a certain portion of reproductive competence to make good chance of survival in his future life by epigenetic (re)programming.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2005

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) highly expressed in many tissues, including hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells, can bind to apolipoprotein E. To evaluate in vivo roles of LRP5, we generated LRP5-deficient mice. LRP5 genomic DNA was isolated from TT2 embryonic stem (ES) cells. Targeting vector was constructed to disrupt an exon 18 of the mouse LRP5 gene and transfected into ES cells. Three homologous recombinants at LRP5 locus were identified from 178 G418-resistant clones. Chimeric males generated by morula aggregation technique were mated to C57BL/6 female mice. After achieving germ-line transmission, LRP5+/- females were crossed with LRP5+/- males to obtain LRP5-deficient mice. One line of mice lacking LRP5 gene was confirmed by Southern blotting. Such knock-out mice may serve as an effective animal model to study in vivo function of LRP5 gene.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.161-180
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the current studies and research methods about Learning Progressions disseminated to several countries including the U.S. since 2006. It also provides a methodological base to investigate learning progressions in science by introducing a case study of learning progression conducted in Korea. For this study, we described several features of current studies on learning progressions in the U.S., and reported the common ways and sequences employed in examining learning progressions especially with respect to assessment for learning. Learning progressions are descriptions of developmental pathways of learning a topic, in which science knowledge is used in students' engaging in science practices. Each learning progression consists of upper anchor, lower anchor, and intermediate steps that connect both anchors. In investigating a learning progression, researchers usually utilize Wilson's four building blocks of assessment system based on the assessment triangle. This kind of method was also applied in investigating the learning progression for water cycle in this study. We discussed implication and consideration for the future research on learning progressions in science in Korea.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

The functional cardiovascular system is comprised of distinct mesoderm-derived lineages including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and other mesenchymal cells. Recent studies in the human embryonic stem cell differentiation model have provided evidence indicating that these cell lineages are developed from the common progenitors such as hemangioblasts and cardiovascular progenitor cells. Also, the studies have suggested that these progenitors have a common primordial progenitor, which expresses KDR (human Flk-1, also known as VEGFR2, CD309). We demonstrate here that sustained activation of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) in hESC line, CHA15 hESC results in $KDR^+$ mesoderm specific differentiation. To determine whether the $KDR^+$ population derived from hESCs enhances potential to differentiate along multipotential mesodermal lineages than undifferentiated hESCs, we analyzed the development of the mesodermal cell types in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. In embryoid body (EB) differentiation culture conditions, we identified an increased expression of $KDR^+$ population from BMP4-stimulated hESC-derived EBs. After induction with additional growth factors, the $KDR^+$ population sorted from hESCs-derived EBs displays mesenchymal, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potential in matrix-coated monolayer culture systems. The populations plated in monolayer cultures expressed increased levels of related markers and exhibit a stable/homologous phenotype in culture terms. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the $KDR^+$ population is stably isolated from CHA15 hESC-derived EBs using BMP4 and growth factors, and sorted $KDR^+$ population can be utilized to generate multipotential mesodermal progenitors in vitro, which can be further differentiated into cardiovascular specific cells.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 2012

The bovine fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4 and 5) is a major positional and physiological candidate gene for the bovine marbling and carcass weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between economic traits of Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and genetic variation in fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4 and 5) genes within carcass/meat quality traits and the before/after of fatting in breed Hanwoo. Here, we characterized the nucleotide polymorphism of FABP4 and 5 in 86 cattle. We were detected the variability of three types (GG, AG, and AA) by PCR, and economic traits were analyzed by the mixed regression model implemented in the ASReml program. As the result of statistical and supersonic analysis, FABP4 gene was highly showed significant effect (p<0.006) on marbling score (MS), in contrast FABP5 gene was lowed (p<0.084) on MS before fatting. But, FABP4 gene was highly showed significant effect (p<0.0054) on MS, in contrast FABP5 gene lowest (p<0.0899) on MS in the after of fatting. Compare to supersonic result before fatting in FABP4 gene, it was detected type GG: (p<7.18), AG: (p<8.50), and AA: (p<10.50) (n=50), showed type GG: (p<4.88), AG: (p<2.33), and AA: (p<0.00) after weed out (n=20). Futhermore, it was detected type GG: (p<9.30), AG: (p<7.95), and AA: (p<7.40) (n=50) before fatting in the FABP5 gene. It was shown type GG: (p<2.67), AG: (p<3.50), and AA: (p<5.00) after weed out (n=50). Our results indicate that FABP4 and 5 gene transcription is regulated by the environment of feeding and management, and suggest that feeding and management could be potential key in determining FABP4 and 5 genes transcription for carcass/meat quality traits in breed Hanwoo.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 1989

The present study was disigned to determine the concentration of bioavailable steroid hormones in the atretic follicular fluid (FF). The concentradons of progesterone (P), testosterone (T), estradiol (E), androstenedione (A), and 5-$\alpha$ dihydrotestosterone (DIlT) were determined by the established methods of luminescent immunoassay (LIA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA). Concentrations of T, A and Diff in human FF from smail (< 6 mm). medium (8-15 mm), and large (> 15 mm) atretic follicles were significandy higher than those of normal ones (p < 0.01). However, the levels of T, A and DHT in smail atretic foflicle were significandy lower than those found in normal one. The concentrations of P in atretic FF from porcine small (< 3 mm), medium (4-6 mm), and large (> 7 mm) follicles were not different from that of normal ones. However, the concentration of E in atretic forncles of each group was significantly lower than that of normal group (p < 0.001 in each group). On the other hand, the percentages of bioavailable T (BI) in human FF were significandy (p <0.001) higher than those in normal groups. The BT in normal or atretic FF was more than 90 % of total T. The present result demonstrates that the bioavailable androgen, but not E levels in atretic follicles is higher than that of normal one, and that the atretic mechanism might be dependent on the ovarian forncle size in the developmental stage and on the animal model system. Moreover, the present study suggests that the steroids found in the FF are the bioavailable forms and the concentration of BT in FF could be used as one of the valuable criteria classifying the ovarian atretic follicle.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.193-202
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• 2011

Objective: We found previously that $interferon$ $regulatory$ factor ($Irf$)-1 is a germinal vesicle (GV)-selective gene that highly expressed in GV as compared to metaphase II oocytes. To our knowledge, the function of $Irf-1$ in oocytes has yet to be examined. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and RA-mediated expression of $Irf-1$ and the mouse oocyte maturation. Methods: Immature cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were collected from 17-day-old female mice and cultured $in$ $vitro$ for 16 hours in the presence of varying concentrations of RA (0-10 ${\mu}M$). Rate of oocyte maturation and activation was measured. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cytokine secretion in the medium was measured by Bio-Plex analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results: The rates of oocyte maturation to metaphase II and oocyte activation increased significantly with RA treatment (10 nM-1 ${\mu}M$). With 100 nM RA treatment, lowest level of $Irf-1$ mRNA and cumulus cell's apoptosis was found. Among 23 cytokines measured by Bio-Plex system, the substantial changes in secretion of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, macrophage inflammatory protein-$1{\beta}$, eotaxin and interleukin-12 (p40) from COCs in response to RA were detected. Conclusion: We concluded that the maturation of oocytes and $Irf-1$ expression are negatively correlated, and RA enhances the developmental competence of mouse immature oocytes $in$ $vitro$ by suppressing apoptosis of cumulus cells. Using a mouse model, results of the present study provide insights into improved culture conditions for $in$ $vitro$ oocyte maturation and relevant cytokine production and secretion in assisted reproductive technology.