• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.21-51
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• 2024

Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009, the importance of nonbank financial institutions in macroprudential management has increased significantly. Consequently, major countries and international financial institutions have been actively discussing and implementing macroprudential supervision and regulation for non-bank financial institutions (NBFI). In this context, this paper analyzes the systemic risk of both banks and non-bank sectors (securities firms and insurance companies) in South Korea over different time periods. Using the widely recognized ΔCoVaR methodology for measuring systemic risk, the analysis reveals that systemic risk increased substantially across all three sectors (banks, securities firms, and insurance companies) during the Global Financial Crisis, the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the banking sector exhibited relatively high systemic risk compared to the securities and insurance sectors, the relative differences in systemic risk varied across the different crisis periods. Notably, during the margin call crisis in March of 2020, the gap in systemic risk between the banking and securities sectors decreased significantly compared to that during both the Global Financial Crisis and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, indicating that securities firms had a more substantial impact on risk in the overall financial system during this period. Furthermore, I analyze the impact of the issuance of equity-linked securities (ELS) by financial institutions on systemic risk, as measured by ΔCoVaR, finding that an increase in the outstanding balance of ELS issuance by financial institutions had an impact on increasing ΔCoVaR during the three crisis periods. These findings underscore the growing importance of non-bank financial institutions in relation to South Korea's macroprudential management and supervision. To address this evolving landscape, enhanced monitoring and regulatory measures focusing on non-bank systemic risk are essential components of maintaining financial stability in the country.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.33-35
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• 1995

Microspheres containing tetracaine or bupivacaine with poly-lactic-glycolic acid were prepared with a range of compositions. Using the rat scicatic nerve model in vivo it was found that prolonged blockade for periods of 2-7 days. depending on composition variables. Polymer-local anesthetics microspheres are feasible delivery vehicle for prolonged regional nerve blockade.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2008

Plantlets of Alocasia amazonica regenerated under a photon flux density (PFD) of 15 or $30{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ showed better growth and development than those grown under higher PFDs. While chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased, the number of stomata increased with increasing PFD. Photoperiods also affected plantlet growth and stomatal development. Highest growth was observed for the short photoperiod (8/16 h) and for equinoctial (12/12 h) light and dark periods. Very few stomata developed in the leaves of plantlets grown under a short photoperiod (8/16 h) and the number of stomata increased with increasing light period. In conclusion, both light intensity and photoperiod independently affect growth of A. amazonica and development of stomata, depending on the intensity and duration of light treatment.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.189-211
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• 2002

The research shows how the technological change of 'Information and Communication Technology' (ICT) is accompanied with the usage change. It aims to provide a better conceptualization with empirical findings about the fact that the technological development of ICT is a convergence process of ICT factors with the usage of ICT moving from a limited coverage toward a general-purpose. The research adapts a descriptive methodology on a historical matter and demonstrates how it can be conducted through analytical description of Input-Output tables (I/O) the over periods. The case is about the UK with sequential I/O during 1970s- 90s.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.383-419
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• 2009

This study investigates the developmental process of Korean postverbal negation in a Korean-English bilingual child. The purposes of this study are firstly to find both common and divergent paths in the development of Korean postverbal negation in terms of both syntactic development and pragmatic uses of postverbal negation; and secondly to investigate explanations for the special pattern of development observed. The data were collected from one bilingual child (R) who is simultaneously acquiring two languages, Korean and English over two years between the ages of 5;00 and 700 (years; months). The data collection was carried out in four periods in two different environments: Periods I and III in Australia, Periods II and IV in Korea. The development of postverbal negation showed that when R was in Australia, she employed both L1 and L2 learning mechanisms, while when she was in Korea, she employed L1 learning mechanisms. The results reveal that L1 and L2 mechanisms are not basically different because R shows both forward and backward developmental features in conjunction with the two different language environments: Korea and Australia.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2009

Data exclusivity is one of the most important intellectual property rights of pharmaceuticals. During data exclusivity period, third parties are prohibited from relying on the data which the original company has submitted to regulatory authority for drug application. I investigated data exclusivity systems for pharmaceuticals in the US, EU, Canada and Korea. New chemical entities were usually given the longest periods of data exclusivity compared to drugs with new indication or new formulation, although the protection periods varied by country. For new drugs to be entitled to a data exclusivity, strict conditions should be met. Data exclusivity has also been provided as an incentive to promote clinical investigation and drug development for pediatric population or orphan diseases. In Korea, data exclusivity was adopted in 1995 as an additive provision to "drug re-examination" which is to investigate post-marketing safety information of new drugs. It was introduced with few discussion on the purposes or effects of data exclusivity on pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical market in this country. I found that Korea's data exclusivity system falls short of considerations on valuing innovation of pharmaceutical research. It is necessary to improve data exclusivity system in order to promote innovative pharmaceutical development and to balance intellectual property rights protection and access to drugs in this country.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.703-722
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• 2015

This study investigates the performance of advanced hollow reinforced concrete (RC) bridge column sections with triangular reinforcement details. Hollow column sections are based on economic considerations of cost savings associated with reduced material and design moments, as against increased construction complexity, and hence increased labor costs. The proposed innovative reinforcement details are economically feasible and rational, and facilitate shorter construction periods. We tested a model of advanced hollow column sections under quasi-static monotonic loading. The results showed that the proposed triangular reinforcement details were equal to the existing reinforcement details, in terms of the required performance. We used a computer program, Reinforced Concrete Analysis in Higher Evaluation System Technology (RCAHEST), for analysis of the RC structures; and adopted a modified lateral confining effect model for the advanced hollow bridge column sections. Our study documents the testing of hollow RC bridge column sections with innovative reinforcement details, and presents conclusions based on the experimental and analytical findings. Additional full-scale experimental research is needed to refine and confirm the design details, especially for the actual detailing employed in the field.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2008

To improve mating rate of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, temperature, photoperiod and illumination during mating periods favorable for B. terrestris were investigated. The mating rate of queen mated at $19^{\circ}C$ was 92.1%, which was 2.1-5.9% higher than that of $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. $19^{\circ}C$ was more effective than at $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ in death rate during mating periods. The survival rate after hibernation of queen mated at $19^{\circ}C$ was 3.0-17.7% higher than that of $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. At the photoperiod regimes during mating periods, queen mated at 14 L was more effective than 12 L and 16 L in death rate during mating, survival rate after hibernation, and egg-characteristics. In case of illumination during mating periods, intensity of over 1000 lux was suitable for mating B. terrestris queen in colony development. Therefore, we supposed that mating temperature favorable for B. terrestris was $19^{\circ}C$ and photoperiod for mating was 14 L, and illumination was over 1000 lux.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.170-179
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• 2001

Green Tea consists of 15-30% catechins (a type of polyphenol), which act as super antioxidants, inhibitory action against aging process. Antioxidants fight radical-free oxygen, an agent which can begin the process of cancer by damaging essential body chemicals and harming DNA. This study was peformed to develop the elderly diet using Green Tea as an inhibitory action against aging process. Nokchaborijook (Baley gruel added rice powder and Green Tea) was manufactured by various levels of Green Tea(1, 4, 7%) and the grinding period(15, 30, 45 sec). The optimum levels of added Green Tea and grinding periods on Nokchaborijook were determined with the results of sensory evaluation by response surface methodology and analysis of composition. The Anti-oxidant Vitamin A, C, E and Flavonoid were increased with increased levels of Green Tea and grinding periods be decreased. As the levels of Green Tea and grinding periods were increased, the green color and penetrated force became stronger. Among the sensory attributes, Bitterness, Green Tea Flavor and Hashness were greater depending on increasing Green Tea. Jujube flavor was greater relying on decreasing Green Tea. Greenness and spreadability of particles were increased as both the amounts of Green Tea and the grinding period were increased. This result was used to determine the optimum conditions of adding levels of Green Tea and grinding periods. The optimum conditions of Nokchaborijook was established as adding of 5.8% Green Tea grinded for 15 seconds.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2014

This paper discusses the methods for reducing the sampling time quantization errors of the body dither type ring laser gyroscope. A ring laser gyroscope has the angle quantization error which is generated by the frequency counting method of the laser beat signal and sampling time quantization error which is generated by the demodulation method for eliminating the body dithering in which the sampling periods are fitted to the dither periods. Generally, because the dither periods are longer than the calculation periods of the inertial navigation system, vehicle navigation errors are produced by long time attitude update missing during the vehicle move with a high dynamical motion. In this paper, the double demodulation method is proposed for reducing the sampling time quantization error and its effects under the dynamic situation are confirmed by simulation.