• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.87-97
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• 2015

There's a trend towards vitalization of nightscape planning businesses nationally and locally as well for city image making and activation of regional economy, but there is still no systematic nightscape planning going on for lack of relevant researches and objective evaluations. This study aims to suggest the guideline for nightscape planning by conducting an eye tracking experiment and survey for recognizing the characteristics of a nightscape. Furthermore, the authors intended to verify the eye-tracking method as a tool for landscape evaluation. The research site was restricted in the campus of Virginia Tech, VA, and those were selected by experts' survey among various types of nightscape images. The variables for analyzing the characteristics of nightscape images selected were 'preference', 'safety(fear)' and 'clearness'. 'Fixation duration', 'saccade duration', 'scan path length', and 'pupil size' were selected as the eye movement measurements. The results of this study are as follows: The first outcome found was that there were significant differences among the characteristics(preference, safety and clearness) of a nightscape by MANOVA, and these variables were correlated positively by Pearson's correlation. Secondly, there were differences on fixation duration, saccade duration and scan path depending on the nightscape setting statistically. Also, the eye tracking measurement in an open setting was recorded lower than enclosed settings. In the result of a heat map, we found the meaning of the fixated areas on both viewing without intention and viewing intentionally. It turned out that the fixated areas were consistent with the areas the subjects felt preferred and clarity in all of the nightscape images, which means people usually focus on what they prefer and see clearly in a certain nightscape. Based on this result and previous studies, the authors could make a conclusion that eye tracking method can apply to evaluate nightscape settings in terms of analyzing the whole characteristics and finding specific points for the detailed analysis as well. Therefore, these results can contribute by suggesting nightscape planning, implication of the landscape evaluation, and implication of the eye tracking study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.114-121
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• 2010

Traditional temples in Korea are the important cultural heritage because of artistic traditonal buildings and structures, paintings, sculptures, and big forest areas which are most ecological and beautiful in Korea. Since traditional temples still function as religious places for very long time, the sense of places intrinsic to the temples are very strong and vivid. The sense of place is very closely related to the conservation of the original landscape type. Recently however, there is a strong tendency to use solar energy in traditional temples because of the low energy efficiency of the old traditional architecture which may have negative impact on landscape which again in turn may lead to the destruction of the sense of place. The purpose of this study was to suggest some landscape design guidelines to protect the sense of place of traditional temple by investigating the impact of solar energy facility on the landscape experience of traditional temple. In order to do perform this purpose, Tongdosa was selected as a study site and four kinds of measurement tools(landscape image, temple identity, landscape satisfaction, degree of landscape improvement) were used as questionnaire items. 180 college students participated in the questionnaire survey. The analysis showed that the solar energy facility had very negative impact on landscape experience such as three landscape image factors(scenic beauty, openness, complexity), landscape satisfaction, temple identity, and landscape improvement. Based on the results, three landscape improvement plans were suggested. First, solar energy facility should be built in the forest in order not to be exposed to visitors, if possible. Second, the landscape management of traditional temple should emphasize on sustaining scenic beauty and temple identity along with the provision of openness. Lastly, detailed landscape guideline should be prepared to regulate the scale, ratio, and the form of the artificial buildings and structures to protect the sense of place of traditional temple.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2018

Li Yu's Xian Qing Ou Ji was written during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty when material culture flourished due to the development of the commercial economy. Xian Qing Ou Ji is considered a retrospective work that reflects the rich material society at that time. This study focuses on his gardening theories through the interpretation and analysis of these two texts of 'Jushibu(居室部)' and 'Zhongzhibu(種植部)' in Xian Qing Ou Ji. The results are summarized as follows. First, he explained the method of garden configuration and orientation according to the topography utilizing the theory of 'suiting one's measures to local conditions(因地制宜)'. He emphasized the detailed understanding of topography as the starting point for all the gardening theories. It stated that he tried to adjust the height of the terrain artificially to create an ideal form of 'anterior high and posterior low(前低後高)'. The successful arrangement of houses, pavilions, rockery and waterways et al. was able to be achieved because of his accurate understanding of topography. Second, 'borrowing scenery(取景在借)' means 'borrowing the outside scenery to the inside'. He applied this theory by 'viewing in motion(動觀)' and 'viewing in repose(靜觀)'. 'Viewing in motion' is seen as a positive methodology for landscape enjoyment. For example, the view through a window changes with movements of the boat, and it can portray thousands of landscape paintings which can be seen through the windows. In the case of 'viewing in repose', the window is regarded as a means of attracting outside garden views to the inside. Third, he emphasized 'the firmness of objects(制體宜堅)', where the design of windows and railings must be considered ahead of others. Fourth, he interpreted the contents of 'the pursuit of novelty(創異標新)'. This generalizes the characteristics of his gardening theory. The contents included 'hall wall(廳壁)', 'variable sun visor(活?)', 'hanging boards and couplets(聯?)' and 'method of supporting vines with bamboo screen(竹屛扶植法)'.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.32
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• pp.119-158
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• 2016

In this thesis we set forth the reasons for teaching classical river novels in secondary education, and investigated the guiding principles for content design of high school literature textbooks. Although classical river novels have great significance in cultural and narrative histories, they were previously consistently disregarded in secondary education. First, we looked at the need for including classical river novels in the secondary school curriculum to create a well-balanced education of classical novels, to link this with modern river novels, to teach the narrative styles and esthetics of river novels, and to let students understand the various cultures of the late Joseon Dynasty. Second, we examined two ways of educating students about classical river novels. For exclusively teaching classical river novels, we recommended the means of teaching and provided detailed guidelines by which they can be taught, as well as provided complete information about the family tree, the story unit, and the scene deployment. To establish the link between classic river novels and their modern counterparts, we recommended the process of teaching accession and transition of tradition by introducing the commonalities and the differences across three generations stories, besides discussing the viewpoints of female writers. When classical river novels are introduced in literary textbooks, students will realize the existence of such novels though they may not understand all aspects of the novels. We suggest that teaching and introduction of classical river novels in secondary education as soon as possible.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.16
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• pp.147-200
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• 2007

Archives provide users with easier and more convenient access to and use of archival data through their Internet websites. Now, archival websites function not only as a tool of information provision or marketing, or as a gateway of Internet-based materials, but also as cyber space for all services of archives, providing users with information and knowledge and direct accessibility to the services in the archives. At present, Korean archives are proceeding with establishing websites or upgrading existing websites, and the use rates and reliability of web services by users are becoming higher. However, although there have been various studies for the evaluation of general websites, few are found with regard to the evaluation of archival websites. It is necessary for archival websites that provide information service to users of every stripe to make more efforts and have more interest in user-centered convenience, right to know, and information provision-centered service. Accordingly, needless to say, it is necessary to study evaluation criteria of websites so that high quality archival websites can be established. With this background, this study establishes evaluation criteria for archival websites, which are appropriate to their objectives and functions and directly evaluates archives, presenting ways to establish and redevelop archival websites. More detailed purposes are as follows: First, analyzes existing theories of evaluation through reviews on previous literature and elicits evaluation criteria for websites, which are appropriate to archives; Second, based on the elicited evaluation criteria for archival websites, examines the current state of domestic archival websites through analytic evaluation; and Third, presents ways to improve archival websites that may be helpful in establishing or improving them in the future. The expectancy effects of this study are as follows: First, it will be helpful when one wishes to identify the current state of archival websites and to improve or redevelop existing websites, or to develop online service through website; Second, it will function as a checklist when a developer who is to establish an archival website wishes to develop evaluation criteria; and Third, it may be used as an inspection tool when an archives contracts out the establishment of its website.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.640-654
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• 2021

Purpose: Normal education operation was difficult in the national disaster situation of Coronavirus Infection-19. Non-face-to-face education can be an alternative to face to face education, but it is not easy to provide the same level of education. In this study, the professor of disaster management field will identify problems that can occur in the overall operation and progress of non-face-to-face education and seek ways to improve non-face-to-face education. Method: Non-face-to-face real-time education was largely categorized into pre-class, in-class, post-class, and evaluation, and case studies were conducted through the professor's case studies. Result&Conclusion: The results of the survey are as follows: First, pre-class, it was worth considering providing a non-face-to-face educational place for professors, and the need for prior education on non-face-to-face educational equipment and systems was required. In addition, it seems necessary to make sure that education is operated smoothly by giving enough notice on classes and to make efforts to develop non-face-to-face education programs for practical class. Second, communication between professor and learner, and among learners can be an important factor in non-face-to-face mid classes. To this end, it is necessary to actively utilize debate-type classes to lead learners to participate in education and enhance the educational effect through constant interaction. Third, non-face-to-face post classes, policies on the protection of privacy due to video records should be prepared to protect the privacy of professors in advance, and copyright infringement on educational materials should also be considered. In addition, it is necessary to devise various methods for fair and objective evaluation. According to the results of the interview, in the contents, which are components of non-face-to-face education, non-face-to-face education requires detailed plans on the number of students, contents, and curriculum suitable for non-face-to-face education from the design of the education. In the system, it is necessary to give the professor enough time to fully learn and familiarize with the function of the program through pre-education on the program before the professor gives non-face-to-face classes, and to operate the helpdesk, which can thoroughly check the pre-examination before non-face-to-face education and quickly resolve the problem in case of a problem.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.151-176
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• 2021

As the information technology industry develops, various kinds of data are being created, and it is now essential to process them and use them in the industry. Analyzing and utilizing various digital data collected online and offline is a necessary process to provide an appropriate experience for customers in the industry. In order to create new businesses, products, and services, it is essential to use customer data collected in various ways to deeply understand potential customers' needs and analyze behavior patterns to capture hidden signals of desire. However, it is true that research using data analysis and UX methodology, which should be conducted in parallel for effective service development, is being conducted separately and that there is a lack of examples of use in the industry. In thiswork, we construct a single process by applying data analysis methods and UX methodologies. This study is important in that it is highly likely to be used because it applies methodologies that are actively used in practice. We conducted a survey on the topic to identify and cluster the associations between factors to establish customer classification and target customers. The research methods are as follows. First, we first conduct a factor, regression analysis to determine the association between factors in the happiness data survey. Groups are grouped according to the survey results and identify the relationship between 34 questions of psychological stability, family life, relational satisfaction, health, economic satisfaction, work satisfaction, daily life satisfaction, and residential environment satisfaction. Second, we classify clusters based on factors affecting happiness and extract the optimal number of clusters. Based on the results, we cross-analyzed the characteristics of each cluster. Third, forservice definition, analysis was conducted by correlating with keywords related to happiness. We leverage keyword analysis of the thumb trend to derive ideas based on the interest and associations of the keyword. We also collected approximately 11,000 news articles based on the top three keywords that are highly related to happiness, then derived issues between keywords through text mining analysis in SAS, and utilized them in defining services after ideas were conceived. Fourth, based on the characteristics identified through data analysis, we selected segmentation and targetingappropriate for service discovery. To this end, the characteristics of the factors were grouped and selected into four groups, and the profile was drawn up and the main target customers were selected. Fifth, based on the characteristics of the main target customers, interviewers were selected and the In-depthinterviews were conducted to discover the causes of happiness, causes of unhappiness, and needs for services. Sixth, we derive customer behavior patterns based on segment results and detailed interviews, and specify the objectives associated with the characteristics. Seventh, a typical persona using qualitative surveys and a persona using data were produced to analyze each characteristic and pros and cons by comparing the two personas. Existing market segmentation classifies customers based on purchasing factors, and UX methodology measures users' behavior variables to establish criteria and redefine users' classification. Utilizing these segment classification methods, applying the process of producinguser classification and persona in UX methodology will be able to utilize them as more accurate customer classification schemes. The significance of this study is summarized in two ways: First, the idea of using data to create a variety of services was linked to the UX methodology used to plan IT services by applying it in the hot topic era. Second, we further enhance user classification by applying segment analysis methods that are not currently used well in UX methodologies. To provide a consistent experience in creating a single service, from large to small, it is necessary to define customers with common goals. To this end, it is necessary to derive persona and persuade various stakeholders. Under these circumstances, designing a consistent experience from beginning to end, through fast and concrete user descriptions, would be a very effective way to produce a successful service.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.740-753
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• 2022

This study was conducted to develop and apply an out-of-school STEAM program model based on Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) for underprivileged students in the lower grades. To this end, a STEAM program based on SEL was developed, with the following characteristics. First, by integrating traditional STEAM learning elements and SEL elements, a structured program was designed with consistent stages, including mindfulness meditation→present an authentic situation→creative design→emotional experiences→reflection. Second, the program was structured so that elementary school students could develop mathematical thinking and scientific inquiry skills in problem-solving situations in daily life. Third, the detailed themes for each STEAM program involved storytelling-based problem situations, as well as activities centered on play and sympathy to reflect the educational needs of underprivileged students. From these characteristics, a total of five programs were developed and applied to 16 teachers and 354 lower-grade elementary school students in 16 community children centers nationwide. The results were as follows. First, while students' satisfaction with the STEAM program was 4.16, there were no significant differences in STEAM satisfaction according to gender. Second, while all students' interest and self-efficacy, which was one of sub factors of STEAM attitude, were significantly improved, no significant difference was seen in STEAM attitudes according to gender. Third, although students' SEL competencies were not significantly improved, relationship skills, which were among the sub factors of SEL competencies, were significantly improved, and there were no significant differences in SEL competencies according to gender. From these results, a discussion on the effect of the out-of-school STEAM program for underprivileged students and directions for follow-up studies was suggested.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.46-58
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• 2022

This study analyzed the documentation trend of garden components such as plants, infrastructure, unit facilities, and structures, based on 188 measurement drawings of 94 old houses in a report on the documentation of the national folklore cultural heritage. The findings are as follows. First, it was found that plants and structures continuously appeared as the subject of measurement drawings, while infrastructure was often omitted. It was confirmed that unit facilities, which are smaller than other components, were frequently excluded from the documentation subject as well due to frequent changes such as movement, loss, and expansion. Second, the level of expression in measurement drawings showed different aspects for each component. The unit facilities showed a large change over time with respect to the level of documentation, and the level of documentation was somewhat polarized, particularly toward the latter stage. This suggests that the level of documenting the drawings limited to specific facilities improved, but the overall level of drawings did not improve, such as a lack of diversification of expression techniques suitable for various unit facilities. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the level of documenting the drawings for plants, infrastructure and structures did not change to a significant degree, implying that no improvements were made to the expression of components. Third, as for the technique of detailed expression, in the case of plants, vegetation status was prepared without distinction of old or protected trees that have historical value. Above all, there was no record of the vegetation structure that could help grasp the vegetation landscape of the outer area. As for the infrastructure, there was no consistent expression technique to systematically convey topographic changes such as the height and slope of the land. In addition, since there was no subtype classification defined for unit facilities and structures, there was no subject or method of documentation. This study is meaningful in that it expanded the category of documentation, which has been concentrated on buildings in old houses, to gardens, and called attention to the need for documenting the gardens for the preservation and management of old houses as an integration of the building and outer area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.13-29
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• 2022

According to the revision of the Convenience Act for Persons with Disabilities, parks and park facilities where the first park development plan is established after December 4, 2021 are mandatory, and parks must be equipped with convenience facilities for the disabled. Hence, this study aims to derive the improvements of the park evaluation index by analyzing the park certification evaluation index, the building certification evaluation index of park facilities, and the evaluation reports of the current certification status cases. As a research method, first, the certification of parks and park facilities were compared and reviewed with the Park Green Act, and differences in the certification process and certification performance were compared and analyzed. Second, differences and common items were derived by analyzing barrier free (BF)-certification evaluation indicators for parks and buildings. Third, improvement plans were derived after analyzing differences and problems in 4 BF-certified parks and four building certification cases of park facilities in certified parks, focusing on the self-evaluation report and examination results. As a result of analyzing the park and building evaluation indicators, the items for which the evaluation purpose, evaluation method, and evaluation items were commonly applied to 7 access roads for each facility, 5 parking areas for the disabled, 2 guide facilities for information facilities, 14 in 5 categories of sanitation facilities, and 1 for other facilities. In the case of sanitation facilities, there is no case where it was evaluated as a park. If the park does not have an attached toilet, the park is certified as a building. Hence, it would be essential to establish the concept of an attached toilet and discuss the application of the evaluation index on the park sanitation facility. The score of buildings in parks and park facilities was lower than that of the self-evaluation results, and the certification grades of buildings declined in three cases. The items with the highest standard deviation were BF walking continuity for parks and the path to the main entrance among access roads for buildings. As a result of analyzing the park and building evaluation results of 19 common evaluation items except for sanitary facilities, the difference in the grades of the evaluation items for each case site except for one item appeared. Therefore, applying common detailed calculation criteria for items evaluated in common with parks and buildings is needed. Since sanitation facilities have no cases of park certification and are not certified as buildings, it is essential to establish the concept of attached toilets and discuss the application of park sanitation evaluation indicators. It is necessary to develop an evaluation index suitable for the characteristics of the park, such as adjusting the items that are not evaluated in parks and establishing an evaluation index considering the ones of parks. It expects that this study would be used as primary data for improving park certification indicators.