• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2016

Seismic performance of structures depends on the force flow mechanism inside the structure. Discontinuity regions, like beam-column joints, are often affected during earthquake event due to the complex and discontinuous load paths. The evaluation of shear strength and identification of failure mode of the joint region are helpful to (i) define the strength hierarchy of the beam-column sub-assemblage, (ii) quantify the influence of different parameters on the behaviour of beam-column joint and, (iii) develop suitable and adequate strengthening scheme for the joints, if required, to obtain the desired strength hierarchy. In view of this, it is very important to estimate the joint shear strength and identify the failure modes of the joint region as it is the most critical part in any beam-column sub-assemblage. One of the most effective models is softened strut and tie model which was developed by incorporating force equilibrium, strain compatibility and constitutive laws of cracked reinforced concrete. In this study, softened strut and tie model, which incorporates force equilibrium equations, compatibility conditions and material constitutive relation of the cracked concrete, are used to simulate the shear strength behaviour and to identify failure mechanisms of the beam-column joints. The observations of the present study will be helpful to arrive at the design strategy of the joints to ensure the desired failure mechanism and strength hierarchy to achieve sustainability of structural systems under seismic loading.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2014

이 연구에서는 SC 전단벽의 전단 연결재인 스터드의 배치와 형상이 SC 전단벽의 거동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 전단벽체가 전단력과 축하중을 받을 때의 거동을 해석적으로 검토하였다. 이를 위해 서로 다른 형상과 배열의 스터드가 배열된 SC 전단벽을 대상으로 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 스터드의 간격이 과하게 떨어져 있을 경우 합성거동이 완벽하게 작용하지 못하며 강판이 설계곡선의 2차 항복 전단력 보다 적은 하중에서 항복함을 확인하였다. 스터드의 형상은 일반형 스터드뿐만 아니라 개선된 경사형 스터드도 전단거동에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 스터드의 간격이 합성거동에 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한 이 연구를 통하여 경사형 스터드가 일반형 스터드에 비해 좌굴을 제어하는데 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.503-511
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• 2001

건물의 내진성을 향상시키는 방법으로 전단벽과 가새 등의 내진요소가 사용된다. 대부분 철근콘크리트 건물에서는 철근콘크리트 전단벽이 철골건물에서는 철골가새가 내진요소로 사용이 되고 있다. 그러나 철근콘크리트 전단벽은 시공이 어렵고 원하는 소성 영역에서 연성(ductility)과 에너지 흡수능력을 만족시키기 어렵다. 강도와 강성이 매우 높고 연성이 우수하며, 자중이 작아서 전단벽의 재료로서 적합하다고 판단된다. 안정적인 거동을 하도록 박강판의 양면에 리브판을 보강하는 방법을 채택하였다. 실험은 강판벽의 폭높이비(D/H) 리브보강형태, 재하이력 등을 변수로 하여 수행하였다. 실험결과로 부터 강판벽의 제반 복원력특성을 분석 고찰하였다.

• Architectural research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2017

In this research, we carried out finite element analysis depends on the variations such as the strength of the main bar, concrete, shear-span ratio(a/d) and existence of shear reinforcing bar. Throughout the results of FEM analysis, we were able to figure out how each variation can effect on shear performance. As the strength of concrete increased, the maximum shear force enhancement effect of each specimen was evaluated. As a result, the shear strengthening effect was 51~97% for shear reinforced specimens, and 26~44% for non-shear reinforced specimens. As the yield strength of reinforcing bars increases, the shear reinforcement effect of the specimen the specimens without shear reinforcement were 3%~6% higher than those with shear reinforcement. Theoretical and analytical values were compared using the design equations obtained from the CEB code. Theoretical and analytical values were compared using the design equations obtained from the CEB code. As a result, the error rate was the highest at 3.64 in the S1.0-C0 series and the lowest at 1.46 in the S1.7-C1 series. Therefore, the design equation of the CEB code is estimated to underestimate the actual shear strength of deep beams that are not subjected to shear reinforcement.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.337-348
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• 2023

Shear wall is commonly used as a lateral force resisting system of concrete mid-rise and high-rise buildings, but it brings challenges in providing relatively large space throughout the building height. For this reason, the structure system where the upper structure with bearing, non-bearing and/or shear walls that sits on top of a transfer plate system supported by widely spaced columns at the lower stories is preferred in some regions, particularly in low to moderate seismic regions in Asia. A thick reinforced concrete (RC) plate has often been used as a transfer system, along with RC transfer girders; however, the RC plate becomes very thick for tall buildings. Applying the post-tensioning (PT) technique to RC plates can effectively reduce the thickness and reinforcement as an economical design method. Currently, a simplified model is used for numerical modeling of PT transfer plate, which does not consider the interaction of the plate and the upper structure. To observe the actual behavior of PT transfer plate under seismic loads, it is necessary to model whole parts of the structure and tendons to precisely include the interaction and the secondary effect of PT tendons in the results. This research evaluated the seismic behavior of shear wall-type residential buildings with PT transfer plates for the condition that PT tendons are included or excluded in the modeling. Three-dimensional finite element models were developed, which includes prestressing tendon elements, and response spectrum analyses were carried out to evaluate seismic forces. Two buildings with flat-shape and L-shape plans were considered, and design forces of shear walls and transfer columns for a system with and without PT tendons were compared. The results showed that, in some cases, excluding PT tendons from the model leads to an unrealistic estimation of the demands for shear walls sit on transfer plate and transfer columns due to excluding the secondary effect of PT tendons. Based on the results, generally, the secondary effect reduces shear force demand and axial-flexural demands of transfer columns but increases the shear force demand of shear walls. The results of this study suggested that, in addition to the effect of PT on the resistance of transfer plate, it is necessary to include PT tendons in the modeling to consider its effect on force demand.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.233-250
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• 2011

An experimental study has been carried out to reveal the shear-bond failure mechanism of composite deck slabs. Thirteen full scale simply supported composite slabs are studied experimentally, with the influence parameters like span length, slab depth, shear span length and end anchorage provided by steel headed studs. A dozen of strain gauges and LVDTs are monitored to capture the strain distribution and variation of the composite slabs. Before the onset of shear-bond slip, the longitudinal shear forces along the span are deduced and found to be proportional to the vertical shear force in terms of the shear-bond strength in the m-k method. The test results are appraised using the current design procedures. Based on the partial shear-bond connection at the ultimate state, an improved method is proposed by introducing two reduction factors to assess the moment resistance of a composite deck slab. The new method has been validated and the results predicted by the revised method agree well with the test results.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제18권1E호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2006

RC shear walls are frequently used as lateral force-resisting system in building construction because they have sufficient stiffness and strength against damage and collapse. If RC shear walls are properly designed and proportioned, these walls can also behave as ductile flexural members like cantilevered beams. To achieve this goal, the designer should provide adequate strength and deformation capacity of shear walls corresponding to the anticipated deformation level. In this study, the level of demands for deformation of shear walls was investigated using a displacement-based design approach. Also, deformation capacities of shear walls are evaluated through laboratory tests of shear walls with specific transverse confinement widely used in Korea. Four full-scale wall specimens with different wall boundary details and cross-sections were constructed for the experiment. The displacement-based design approach could be used to determine the deformation demands and capacities depending on the aspect ratio, ratio of wall area to floor plan area, flexural reinforcement ratio, and axial load ratio. Also, the specific boundary detailing for shear wall can be applied to enhance the deformation capacity of the shear wall.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.741-771
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• 2007

Tests were conducted on two partially pre-stressed concrete solid beams subjected to combined loading of bending, shear and torsion. The beams were designed using the Direct Design Method which is based on the Lower Bound Theorem of the Theory of Plasticity. Both beams were of $300{\times}300mm$ cross-section and 3.8 m length. The two main variables studied were the ratio of the maximum shear stress due to the twisting moment, to the shear stress arising from the shear force, which was varied between 0.69 and 3.04, and the ratio of the maximum twisting moment to the maximum bending moment which was varied between 0.26 and 1.19. The required reinforcement from the Direct Design Method was compared with requirements from the ACI and the BSI codes. It was found that, in the case of bending dominance, the required longitudinal reinforcements from all methods were close to each other while the BSI required much larger transverse reinforcement. In the case of torsion dominance, the BSI method required much larger longitudinal and transverse reinforcement than the both the ACI and the DDM methods. The difference in the transverse reinforcement is more pronounce. Experimental investigation showed good agreement between design and experimental failure loads of the beams designed using the Direct Design Method. Both beams failed within an acceptable range of the design loads and underwent ductile behaviour up to failure. The results indicate that the Direct Design Method can be successfully used to design partially prestressed concrete solid beams which cater for the combined effect of bending, shear and torsion loads.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.244-247
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• 2004

This study proposes the design method of the shear walls with openings using strut-and-tie models. Strut-and-tie models are constructed for opening near the middle of the wall and for opening near a wall boundary. These enables an admissible load path for the horizontal earthquake force. These models consider the size and position of opening effectively. Each model is suitable for the seismic response corresponding with lateral forces in a given direction to be considered. The proposed models are good agreements with nonlinear finite element analysis(DIANA) results.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2005

An insole type local shear force measurement system was developed and local shear stresses in the foot were measured during level walking. The shear force transducer based on the magneto-resistive principle, was a rigid 3-layer circular disc. Sensor calibrations with a specially designed calibration device showed that it provided relatively linear sensor outputs. Shear transducers were mounted on the locations of four metatarsal heads and heel in the insole. Sensor outputs were amplified, decorded in the bluetooth transmission part and then transferred to PC. In order to evaluate the developed system, both shear and plantar pressure measurements, synchronized with the three-dimensional motion analysis system, were performed on twelve young healthy male subjects, walking at their comfortable speeds. The maximum peak pressure during gait was 5.00kPa/B.W at the heel. The time when large local shear stresses were acted correlated well with the time of fast COP movements. The anteroposterior shear was dominant near the COP trajectory, but the mediolateral shear was noted away from the COP trajectory. The vector sum of shear stresses revealed a strong correlation with COP movement velocity. The present study will be helpful to select the material and to design of foot orthoses and orthopedic shoes for diabetic neuropathy or Hansen disease.