• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.345-350
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• 2001

Reinforced concrete is, in general, known as a high durability material due to a strong alkalinity of cement. Probable concrete cracks could incur steel corrosion of RC structures and then could easily deteriorate the concrete durability, which can be fully secured by a systematic quality control for the construction of concrete structures. For the corrosion protection of reinforcing steels in concrete, however, current design specifications of concrete cover depth do not in-depth consider the effect of the cracks as well as the chloride content of RC structures. Therefore, appropriate provisions for concrete cover depth should be coded by considering the influence of concrete cracks on the corrosion of reinforcing steels. The objective of this research is to investigate pertinent cover depth, which can prohibit rebar corrosion, on the basis of experimental corrosion measurements of reinforcing steels on crack characteristics such as the width, depth and frequency of concrete cracks.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

융설 모형의 중요 매개변수인 적설분포면적은 실제 우리나라에서 적설과 관련한 관측 자료의 부족으로 인해 매개변수 추정이 어렵다. 이러한 문제점 해결을 위해 원격탐사기법을 활용하여 적설분포면적을 추출하였다. 본 연구에서는 1997년부터 2006년까지의 겨울철 NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)의 AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) 위성영상의 8 sets의 총 108개 영상을 이용하여 적설분포면적을 추출하였고, 기상청의 지상기상관측소의 최심적설심 자료를 이용하여 GIS 자료를 구축함으로써 적설심의 공간적 분포를 추출하였다. 이를 국내 5대유역인 한강, 낙동강, 금강, 영산강, 섬진강 유역에 대하여 융설모형의 주요 매개변수인 적설분포면적, 유역 평균, 최대 적설심과 적설분포감소비곡선을 구축하였다. 그 중 적설분포면적감소곡선 (SDC : Snow cover Depletion Curve)는 적설분포면적의 감소형태를 나타내주는 지표로써 융설의 가장 민감한 매개변수이다. 이를 국내 5대강 유역에 대해 구축하여 정량화하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.401-410
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• 2017

Estimation of snow depth using optical image is conducted by using correlation with Snow Cover Fraction (SCF). Various algorithms have been proposed for the estimation of snow cover fraction based on Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI). In this study we tested linear, quadratic, and exponential equations for the generation of snow cover fraction maps using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite in order to evaluate their applicability to the complex terrain of South Korea and to search for improvements to the estimation of snow depth on this landscape. The results were validated by comparison with in-situ snowfall data from weather stations, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculated as 3.43, 2.37, and 3.99 cm for the linear, quadratic, and exponential approaches, respectively. Although quadratic results showed the best RMSE, this was due to the limitations of the data used in the study; there are few number of in-situ data recorded on the station at the time of image acquisition and even the data is mostly recorded on low snowfall. So, we conclude that linear-based algorithms are better suited for use in South Korea. However, in the case of using the linear equation, the SCF with a negative value can be calculated, so it should be corrected. Since the coefficients of the equation are not optimized for this area, further regression analysis is needed. In addition, if more variables such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land cover, etc. are considered, it could be possible that estimation of national-scale snow depth with higher accuracy.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2017

The paper concerns concrete carbonation, the phenomena that occurs in every type of climate, especially in urban-industrial areas. In European Standards, including Eurocode (EC) for concrete structures the demanded durability of construction located in the conditions of the carbonation threat is mainly assured by the selection of suitable thickness of reinforcement cover. According to EC0 and EC2, the thickness of the cover in the particular class of exposure depends on the structural class/category and concrete compressive strength class which is determined by cement content and water-cement ratio (thus the quantitative composition) but it is not differentiated for various cements, nor additives (i.e., qualitative composition), nor technological types of concrete. As a consequence the selected thickness of concrete cover is in fact a far estimation - sometimes too exaggerated (too safe or too risky). The paper presents the elaborated "self-terminated carbonation model" that includes abovementioned factors and enables to indicate the maximal possible depth of carbonation. This is possible because presented model is a hyperbolic function of carbonation depth in time (the other models published in the literature use the parabolic function that theoretically assume the infinite increase of carbonation depth value). The paper discusses the presented model in comparison to other models published in the literature, moreover it contains the algorithm of concrete cover design with use of the model as well as an example of calculation of the cover thickness.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2015

In this study, on the basis of the results of the field survey and the theoretical consideration for Korean Standard Specification for concrete durability and maintenance, the following conclusions are derived. From the survey, the prediction equation of carbonation depth for the southwest region in Korea is experimentally proposed, $y_p=5.865{\sqrt{t}}$, which predicts about 60mm of the carbonation depth for the concrete structures of 100 years, a 1st class of target endurance period, under a combined deterioration environment like a marine environment. Considering that the marginal value for a carbonation depth limitation under very severely marine environment is 25mm, in accordance with the Specification, it is found that the predicting carbonation depth for the concrete cover depths, 100mm and 60mm are 63mm and 29.4mm, respectively. In conclusion, according to the equation and the Specification, it is strongly required that the reinforced concrete structures with the cover depth under 100mm have to make a protection from combined deterioration factors by any methods like a surface coating, an increment of cover depth or an application of a special concrete.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 3가지 수준의 물-시멘트 비, 상부 주입 염수 농도, 피복두께를 고려하여 반전위값과 영향인자들 간의 상관성을 분석하였다. 피복두께가 증가할수록 반전위값이 증가(+ 방향 : 부식 억제)하여 부식 저항성이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 평가 기준에 따르면 피복두께 60mm를 갖는 시편의 경우 비교적 부식이 적게 일어난 것으로 판단된다. 이는 피복두께가 외부 열화인자에 대한 효과적인 방어기구로서 작용한 것이 원인으로 사료된다. 상부 주입 염수 농도가 0%인 경우 모든 경우에서 부식이 발생하지 않는 것으로 판단되지만, 염수 농도 3.5% 및 7.0%의 경우 부식이 진전된 것으로 판단된다. 비교적 높은 단위 결합재량이 확보된 배합에서 부식 저감에 유리한 모니터링 결과가 도출되었으며, 부식 영향인자와 반전위값 간의 상관성을 평가하고자 다중 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 해당 예측식의 결정계수는 0.97로 매우 높은 수준으로 나타났지만 사용한 표본의 수가 제한적이고 특정 시점의 결과만이 이용된 한계점이 존재하였다. 추가적인 모니터링 수행 및 시편 해체 후 관련 데이터와의 상관성 분석을 통해 더욱 합리적인 예측식의 도출이 가능해 질 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 탄산화에 노출된 하부 콘크리트 구조물을 대상으로, 실태조사 결과와 국내 시방서를 고려하여 결정론 및 확률론적 방법에 따른 내구수명을 도출하였다. 또한 변동계수의 변화에 따른 내구수명의 변화와 결정론적 해석 결과와 비슷한 결과를 제시하는 신뢰도 지수를 고찰하였다. 문헌조사 결과 도심지 하부 구조물의 피복두께의 평균은 70.0 ~ 90.0 mm였으며, 변동계수는 0.2 수준으로 조사되었다. 목표 내구수명 파괴확률을 10.0 %로 설정한 확률론적 내구수명 해석 방법의 경우 피복두께가 70 mm일 때 피복두께 변동계수 0.05, 0.1, 0.2에 해당하는 내구수명은 137년, 123년, 91년이 도출되었으며 피복두께가 80 mm인 경우 내구수명은 각각 179년, 161년, 120년으로 도출되었다. 결정론적 내구수명 평가와 동일한 수준의 신뢰도 지수를 평가하였는데 피복두께가 70 mm일 때 1.66 ~ 3.43 수준으로, 피복두께가 80 mm일 때 1.61 ~ 3.24 수준으로 평가되었다. 결정론적인 방법에서는 다양한 품질 및 국부적인 환경계수가 크게 고려되어 있는데, 이에 따라 내구수명이 크게 변화하므로 환경 및 설계인자의 변동성을 고려한 탄산화 설계변수의 정의가 필요하다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.517-525
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• 2021

More underground structures are increasingly being constructed such as box culverts for electric power transmission, and the life extension of these structures is very important. It is well known that the steel embedded in concrete is usually invulnerable to corrosion because the high alkalinity of the pore solution in concrete generates a thin protective oxide layer on the surface of the steel. Recent observations in the field and experimental evidence have shown that even steel in concrete can be corroded through the carbonation reaction of cover concrete. Carbonation-induced corrosion in concrete may often occur in a high carbon dioxide environment. In this study, the risk of carbonation of underground box culverts in Korea was evaluated by measuring the car¬bonation rate and concrete cover depth in the field. Then, the carbonation-free service life for the cover depth of the steel was calcu¬lated with in situ information and Monte Carlo simulation. Additionally, an accelerated carbonation test for a cracked beam specimen was performed, and the effect of a crack on the service life of a box culvert was numerically investigated with Monte Carlo simulation based on experimental results.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권5호통권112호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2005

These studies were carried out (1) to investigate the growth characteristics of Sedum album L. in the field, (2) to propose a suitable shallow peen roof system for this plant, and (3) to evaluate plant growth in the proposed system over the long term. The growth characteristics, such as morphological properties, growth habit, shade tolerance, and flowering, were surveyed. In experimental shallow green-roof systems, the effects of drainage type, substrate type, and soil depth on plant growth were investigated. Then drought tolerance was investigated. After planting Sedum album L. in the proposed system survival rate, cover, and resistance to insects, heal and cold were evaluated for about 2 years. The results of these studies are summarized below. 1. In the field, the aboveground part of Sedum album L. did not die back during the winter. Plant height was 4$\sim$7 cm. Roots were distributed to a depth of 5$\sim$7 cm. Sedum album L. is a compact ground-cover plant that spreads vigorously. Shading condition of less than $30\%$ of full sunlight didn't cause any trouble, but shading conditions above $87\%$ made the shape of the shoots and leaves abnormal. The plant bloomed from June to August and had a rather large compound umbel of white, star-shaped flowers. 2. Two systems, a drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth and a reservoir$\cdot$drainage-blend-15 cm soil depth, performed best in terms of cover, fresh weight, and dry weight. The first has an advantage for green roofs because it is lighter than the latter. 3. In drainage-blend-10 m soil depth and modified reservoir · drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth system no plants died for about 4 months after stopping the irrigation. The visual quality of the latter system was above 5 for 4 months and that of the former was under 5 after 2 months. In the field, however, the drought tolerance of Sedum album L. grown in the former would be enough to withstand the dry season. Considering the urban ecosystem and the importance of healthy growth the modified reservoir $\cdot$ drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth system was finally recommended. This system was composed of a 4 cm thick drainage layer and drain outlets placed at a height of 2.5 cm. 4. In the proposed system, the survival rate was $100\%$, and there was no injury induced by insects and heat. The leaf density decreased a little in winter. Cover increased throughout the year. Sedum album L. was planted with a cover of 72$cm^{2}$ on 3 April 2003; on 16 June 2003 and 15 June 2004, cover was $132.66\pm$5.87 $cm^{2}$(1.8 times) and $886.98\pm$63.51 $cm^{2}$(12.3 times), respectively.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2006년도 춘계학술논문 발표대회 제6권1호
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• pp.163-166
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• 2006

The purpose of the research is to assess the accuracy of steel bar detector among other nondestructive testing equipment. The result of previous research shows that the average errors of rebar detector are 14.7% for the cover depth, 2.3% for the rebar spacing, and 11% for the rebar diameter. But this experiment was performed at the laboratory and the mortar was used for covering the steel bars instead of concrete. In situ condition can be different from the laboratory's so the outcomes do not correspond with those of laboratory. This research was performed at the buildings to be reconstructed. Nondestructive and destructive testing can be performed side by side since the building if to be destroyed. Steel bar detector was operated on the beam and the column and concrete cover of those members was removed for the actual measurement of rebar depth, spacing, and diameter finally, presumed value can be directly compared with actual data.