• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2007년도 한국컴퓨터종합학술대회논문집 Vol.34 No.1 (A)
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• pp.33-34
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• 2007

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제27_28호
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• pp.27-56
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• 1994

Processes involving the change of vowel height are natural enough to be found in many languages. It is essential to have a better feature specification for vowel height to grasp these processes properly, Standard Phonology adopts the binary feature system, and vowel height is represented by the two features, i.e., [\pm high] and [\pm low]. This has its own merits. But it is defective because it is misleading when we count the number of features used in a rule to compare the naturalness of rules. This feature system also cannot represent more than three degrees of height, We wi31 discard the binary features for vowel height. We consider to adopt the multivalued feature [n high] for the property of height. However, this feature cannot avoid the arbitrariness resulting from the number values denoting vowel height. It is not easy to expect whether the number in question is the largest or not It also is impossible to decide whether a larger number denotes a higher vowel or a lower vowel. Furthermore this feature specification requires an ad hoc condition such as n > 3 or n \geq 2, whenever we want to refer to a natural class including more than one degree of height The altelnative might be Particle Phonology, or Dependency Phonology. These might be apt for multivalued vowel height systems, as their supporters argue. However, the feature specification of Particle Phonology will be discarded because it does not observe strictly the assumption that the number of the particle a is decisive in representing the height. One a in a representation can denote variant degrees of height such as [e], [I], [a], [a ] and [e ]. This also means that we cannot represent natural classes in terms of the number of the particle a, Dependency Phonology also has problems in specifying a degree of vowel height by the dependency relations between the elements. There is no unique element to represent vowel height since every property has to be defined in terms of the dependency relations between two or more elements, As a result it is difficult to formulate a rule for vowel height change, especially when the phenomenon involves a chain of vowel shifts. Therefore, we suggest a new feature specification for vowel height (see Chapter 3). This specification resorts to a single feature H and a few >'s which refer exclusively to the degree of the tongue height when a vowel is pronounced. It can cope with more than three degrees of height because it is fundamentally a multivalued scalar feature. This feature also obviates the ad hoc condition for a natural class while the [n high] type of multivalued feature suffers from it. Also this feature specification conforms to our expection that the notation should become simpler as the generality of the class increases, in that the fewer angled brackets are used, the more vowels are included, Incidentally, it has also to be noted that, by adopting a single feature for vowel height, it is possible to formulate a simpler version of rules involving the changes of vowel height especially when they involve vowel shifts found in many languages.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.99-103
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• 2003

Classes are apt to include useless codes and inadequate inheritance relationship between them when they are being updated, inserted and deleted during the evolution process of object-oriented software, leading to lots of errors. Conventional class restructuring methods degrade the effectiveness of reusability since they go with preprocesses such as dependency analysis and estimation of class cohesion and run statically. In this paper, we propose a new C＋＋ class-restructuring algorithm that does not require those preprocesses and runs dynamically by improving ART learning algorithm in the artificial neural networks.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2011

Nowadays software developers are moving from conventional software process technologies to the object-oriented paradigm. To develope the object-oriented softwares efficiently, various software metrics have been suggested. Coupling refers to the degree of independence between components of the system. It has long been well known that good software practice calls for minimizing coupling interaction. Many researches have been studied coupling metrics of the object- oriented systems. We review Chidamber and Kemerer's work & Li's work. In this paper, we study the coupling of the overall structures of object-oriented systems by analyzing the class diagram of UML. We propose four coupling metrics for object-oriented softwares. First, we use an established coupling metric for object- oriented systems as a basic coupling metric. Then we modify the basic coupling metric by including indirect coupling between classes, We also suggest two relative coupling metrics to measure coupling between subsystems. We investigate the theoretical soundness of the proposed metrics by the axioms of Briand et al. Finally, we apply the presented metrics to a practical case study. This coupling metric will be helpful to the software developers for their designing tasks by evaluating the coupling metric of the structures of object-oriented system and redesigning tasks of the system.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1036-1046
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• 2005

응집도는 모듈의 구성 요소들 사이의 관련성 정도를 나타내는 척도로서, 응집도가 높을수록 소프트웨어에 대한 이해 및 유지보수가 용이하다고 알려져 있다. 최근에 응집도의 개념을 객체지향 시스템의 클래스에 적용하기 위하여 많은 응집도 척도들이 제안되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 클래스 멤버 간의 쓰기 의존성의 영향을 고려함으로써 기존의 응집도 척도를 개선시킬 수 있음을 소개한다. 본 논문의 기법을 지원하는 도구를 개발하였으며 이 도구를 이용하여 C++ 클래스 라이브러리에 이 기법을 적용한 사례 결과를 소개한다.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.118-132
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the learning perception of aviation service subjects using role play on the interpersonal competence, learning satisfaction, and learning outcomes of college students majoring in aviation service. A survey was conducted targeting 217 university students majoring in aviation service who are enrolled in universities in the metropolitan area and Chungcheong area and have experience in class using role play. In addition, the hypothesis is verified using the structural equation model. Among the perceptions of role play classes experienced by university students majoring in aviation service, 'inter-dependency' was found to have a positive (+) effect on all sub-factors of interpersonal competence. And 'usefulness' confirmed the positive (+) influence relationship with 'temperament for others' and 'communication' except for 'relationship promotion' of interpersonal ability. Among sub-factor of interpersonal competence, it is confirmed that only the factors of 'temperament for others' and 'communication' had an effect on learning satisfaction. And it is proved that learning satisfaction is an important determinant of learning outcomes. Therefore, this study is expected to serve as a basis for deriving an efficient and optimal learning method for practical subjects in aviation service majors.

• 한국인구학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1993

Korea fertility level has dropped since the 1960's and speed of decline has accelerated in the 1980's. In the resuls, the growth rate reached to less then 1 percent in 1990 and will be $\ulcorner$0 $\lrcorner$ percent growth in 2021. The total population will increase to 50, 586 thousand persons in 2021 then will decrease. With the rapid fertility decline the age structure of Korean population has changed : while the proportion of child population aged 0-14 is decreasing sharply, that of old-age population aged 65 and over is increasing. Because of the recent increase of sex ratio at birth, the sex structure among the young generation has been destorted; the sex ratio at age 0-4 was as high as high as 112.0 in 1990. The effects of these population phenomena on Korean society are the followings: 1) Old age dependency ratio is increasing rapidly and continuously and will be about 40.0 from the 2050's. 2) Because of the rapid decline of the number of births, the absolute number of the major labour force at age 25-34 will decrease after around 2000 and then from the 2010's become less than that in 1990. 3) Since the large fertility defferentials by womens's educational level have continued and the relation between the educational levels of mothers and children are very strong, level has dropped among higher educated women first when the average fertility level has declined in Korea, the average educational level of the children is may be expected to be relatively low and then the future productivity is will be also low, which causes the decline of 'quality of population. 4) When the high sex ratio at birth (over 110 since 1986) continues, number of brides will be short by over 20 percent from the 2010s, which will bring various kinds of social prblems. Therefore, the counter measures in concrete to relieve the heavy problems are recommended as follows: 1) The extention of the birth intervals, which helps to drop the population growth rate at the same level of number of children per women. 2) The positive supports for out-migrants, which helps to reduce the population size without any destortion of age-sex structure. 3) The defferent supports of family planning for the higher and lower classes, which helps to reduce the gaps between different ferility levels of the classes and to keep and improve the quality of population. 4)population education for both students and adults, which helps to minimize the gap between the private and public requirements.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.125-144
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 순위 선다형 문항을 이용하여 초 중 고 학생들의 천문학적 사고 수준을 파악하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 각각 3개의 공간적 사고와 시스템 사고 측정 문항으로 구성된 검사지를 구성하고, 이를 강원도 소재 12개 학교 5학년, 8학년, 11학년 학생 총 1,066명을 대상으로 투입하였다. 수집된 학생 응답 자료를 고전 검사 이론의 추리 통계와 문항 반응 이론의 Rasch 모델에 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다; 첫째, 천문학적 사고 중 공간적 사고 수준은 천체의 공간 위치와 방향은 파악할 수 있지만 2차원 평면에서의 천체 운동을 3차원으로 변환하지 못하는 것으로 나타났으며, 학년에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 천문학적 사고 중 시스템 사고 수준은 천체의 운동 시스템을 구성하는 요소와 요소 간 연관은 파악할 수 있으나 시스템의 경향성은 파악하지 못하는 것으로 나타났으며, 공간적 사고와는 달리 학년에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 특정 상황(내용)에서 발현되는 천문학적 사고가 학년에 관계없이 매우 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 이를 통해 천문학적 사고의 상황(내용) 의존성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구 결과들은 학교 수업에서 천문학적 사고 수준을 높일 수 있는 방법을 탐색하기 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

컨포넌트 개발 프로세스에서 재사용 가능한 독립적인 컴포넌트의 식별은 가장 중요한 작업이면서 어려운 작업이다. 따라서 현존하는 컴포넌트 개발 방법론들에서는 컴포넌트 식별을 위해서 체계적이고 명확한 기준이 제시되지 않아 대다수 개발자의 직관과 경험에 의존하고 있다. 그 결과 평이한 개발자에 의해서 소프트웨어의 재사용 단위인 컴포넌트를 식별하기가 쉽지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 컴포넌트를 용이하게 식별할 수 있도록 유스케이스 다이어그램, 클래스 다이어그램 그리고 시퀀스 다이어그램 등 도메인 모델을 기반으로 컨포넌트를 식별하는 기준과 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문에서는 2단계 즉, 시스템 컨포넌트 식별과 비즈니스 컴포넌트 식별을 통하여 컴포넌트론 식별하는 방법을 제시한다. 특히, 제안된 기법에서는 컴포넌트 식별에 있어서 구조적 특성뿐만 아니라 메소드 호출 유형과 방향에 따른 의존성 특성을 함께 괴려하고 있다 이러한 제안된 기법의 실용성을 검증하기 위해 사례 연구와 기존 식별 방법과의 비교 분석 및 평가를 제시한다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.115-134
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• 1997

본 연구는 세계화시대에 적실한 지역연구방법론을 새롭게 모색하기 위하여, 지리학에서 개발된 다양한 지역연구방법론을 검토하고, 그 가운데 세계화 현상을 이론적으로 설명해주는 세계체제론에 기초한 세계체제론적 지역지리학의 내용을 자세히 살펴보았으며, 아울러 그것이 세계화시대에 보다 적실한 지역연구방법론이 될 수 있도록 그 문제점을 보완하여 수정된 세제체제론적 지역지리학을 제시하여 보았다. 수정된 세계체제론적 지역지리학에서는, 지역(역사지역)은 세제경제체제의 재생산적인 일반 메커니즘이 지역의 정치적, 경제적, 사회적 요소 또는 동인 이외에 위치적, 자연적, 문화적 요소와도 함께 작용하여 형성된다고 보았으며, 지역성은 경제적 특성에만 치중할 것이 아니라 공간적, 사회적, 문화적, 정치적 등의 특성도 분석하여 보다 종합적으로 규명될 필요가 있으며, 지역구분에서는 세계경제의 일반메커니즘에 의한 경제적 경계와 함께 정치적 경계도 동시에 고려할 필요가 있으며, 아울러 국가단위지역도 중요한 연구대상 지역으로 다루어져야 한다고 수정 제안하였다.