• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1980

The corrosion of silver amalgam is regarded as one of major causes in the failures of dental amalgam restorations. To evaluate the corrosion resistance of dental amalgam alloys, electrochemical tests such as potential and polarization measurement were used widely. But these commonly used methods have not provided the sufficient informations on relative resistance of amalgam to corrosion. In this experiment, the corrosion currents were measured using electronic potentiostat to compare some commercial dental amalgam alloys. All alloys were triturated in a amalgamator and condensed into a mold described in A.D.A. Specification No. 1 to produce cylinder form specimens of 4mm diameter by 5mm long. After specimen kept for 1 week at $37^{\circ}C$, each specimen was embedded in epoxy resin. The surfaces of specimens were then polished with a emery paper, diamond dust, and $Al_2O_3$. These specimens were immersed in artifical saliva kept at $37^{\circ}C$, and currents of each specimen were measured for 24 hours at 0.0volt (SCE). The author obtained conclusions as follows: 1. High copper amalgam showed superior resistance against corrosion to conventional amalgam, but a pellet form of high copper amalgam seemed to be susceptible to corrosion. 2. In lathe-cut alloys, fine-cut had superior resistance against corrosion to regular-cut. 3. Non-zinc conventional amalgam alloys were more resistant to corrosion than that of zinc containing conventional amalgam alloys. 4. In both of high copper and conventional amalgams, predispensed forms tended to have better resisitance to corrosion than that of pellet forms.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2023

Background: The association between dental amalgam fillings and urine mercury concentrations was investigated in this study to assess the health risks associated with dental amalgams. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 99 women in their 20s who visited the dental clinic in Daegu, Korea. The 99 participants were composed of 68 subjects who had dental amalgam fillings (exposure group) and 31 subjects who did not have dental amalgam fillings (nonexposure group). Oral examinations were conducted by a single dental hygienist, sociodemographic features were investigated as confounding variables, and urine mercury concentrations were measured using an automatic mercury analyzer. Results: The mean±standard deviation of the urine mercury concentrations of the exposure and nonexposure groups were 1.50±1.78 ㎍/g creatinine and 0.53±0.63 ㎍/g creatinine, respectively. The exposure group showed significantly higher levels than the nonexposure group (p<0.01). The urine mercury concentration significantly increased with an increase in the number of teeth filled with amalgam, cavity surfaces involved, and number of defective amalgam fillings, and according to the latest exposure time (p<0.001). In the multiple regression analysis of amalgam-related factors and urine mercury concentrations after correction for confounding factors, the urine mercury concentration in the group with six or more amalgam-filled teeth, 11 or more cavity surfaces, and two or more defective amalgams was significantly higher than that in the nonexposure group (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to this study, exposure to dental amalgams was confirmed to significantly affect urine mercury concentrations.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

치과용 아말감은 수은, 구리, 아연, 은과 같은 여러 가지 금속으로 이루어진 합금으로 구성되었다. 아말감은 내구성과 진료 시 사용의 편리성과 경제적인 이유로 치과영역에서 가장 흔히 사용되고 효과적인 수복물질로 이용되었다. 하지만 수복물질로서의 대중성과 긴 역사에도 불구하고 아말감에 포함된 수은의 노출로부터 가져올 수 있는 잠재적 부작용 또는 합병증에 대한 염려로 논란이 계속되고 있다. 특히 어린이들의 경우 수은의 독성에 대한 위험성이 더 높기 때문에 우리는 어린이에게서 치과용 아말감과 요중 수은농도의 관련성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대도시 지역 내 두 개 초등학교 1~4학년 재학생을 대상으로 하여 구강검진과 설문조사를 시행하였으며, 구강검진 당일 채취한 소변시료를 이용하여 요중 수은농도를 분석하였다. 결과는 구강 내 아말감 충전치아가 없는 아동과 비교 했을 때 79개 이상, 10개 이상 갖는 아동의 요중 수은농도가 높아지는 상관관계가 나타났다. 결론적으로 어린이의 구강 내 아말감 충전치면수와 요중 수은농도는 관련성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of urinary mercury and analyze which factors would affect urinary mercury concentration among dental hygienists in dental clinics. Methods: This study conducted by questionnaire and detection of urinary mercury concentration of 268 dental hygienists working in dental clinics from July to August of 2009. Data collected from two hundred and thirty-five dental hygienists were analyzed by the geometric mean (GM). Analytical results of urine samples with less than 0.3 g creatinine/L and greater than 3g creatinine/L were excluded from statistical analysis. Results: Urinary mercury concentration of 235 dental hygienists showed the geometric distribution. The arithmetic and geometric means of urinary mercury concentration were $0.996{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $0.755{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. From multiple regression analysis, the number of amalgam filling, the consumption frequency of raw fish and the number of amalgam handling in current workplace was revealed as increasing factors of urinary mercury concentration. Conclusions: The level of urinary mercury in dental hygienists was higher than in general Korean population. The number of amalgam filling, the consumption frequency of raw fish and the number of amalgam handling in current workplace was revealed as increasing factors of urinary mercury concentration. Therefore using resin materials instead of amalgam in dental clinics is highly desirable.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

구강 내 아말감 충전물에 의해 인체에 유리되는 수은이 요중 수은농도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 관련성을 평가하고자 하였다. 이 연구는 대도시 일부지역의 2개 초등학교 1~4학년 학생 317명을 대상으로 6개월 간격으로 총 4번의 구강검진과 소변검사를 실시하였으며, 자료를 수합하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 각 조사 시점별 아말감 충전 여부에 따라 요중 수은농도를 비교한 결과, 모든 연구시기에서 아말감 충전한 대상자에서 아말감 비충전군에 비해 요중 수은농도가 높게 나타났으며, 2차 추적조사와 3차 추적조사는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 혼합모형 분석한 결과 아말감 한 치면이 증가할수록 현재 요중 수은농도에서 $0.028{\mu}g/g$ creatinine 증가하였다(p<0.001). 남학생에 비해 여학생에서 $0.065{\mu}g/g$ creatinine (p<0.001), 생선섭취 빈도에서 일주일에 3회 이상 섭취군에서 $0.099{\mu}g/g$ creatinine 증가하였다(p=0.001). 누적 요중 수은농도에서 아말감 한 치면이 증가 할수록 누적 요중 수은농도에서 $0.017{\mu}g/g$ creatinine 증가 하였다(p<0.001). 남학생에 비해 여학생에서 $0.071{\mu}g/g$ creatinine (p<0.001), 생선섭취 빈도에서 일주일에 3회 이상 섭취군에서 $0.110{\mu}g/g$ creatinine 증가하였다(p<0.001). 구강 내 아말감 충전물은 미량이라도 수은을 유리시켜 체내 요중 수은농도의 변화에 영향을 미치므로 이 연구결과를 토대로 구강 내 수은흡수를 최소화할 수 있는 기준이나 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.425-430
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between amalgam restorations and urinary mercury levels in children for 1 year. Amalgam restoration has been widely used for over 200 years. But released mercury from amalgam can increase the concentration of mercury in the body. Methods : The subjects were 463 elementary school children. Oral examination, urine sampling, and questionnaire survey were performed at baseline and after 1 year. Results : Amalgam restoration increased the urinary mercury level to $0.55{\pm}0.13{\mu}g/g$ creatinine. In the regression analysis, variation of urinary mercury excretion were positively associated with amalgam surfaces and fish consumption. Conclusions : Small amount of mercury release from amalgam restoration was closely associated with increasing urinary mercury level.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study, following the cavity restorations with low copper conventional alloy, high copper admixed one and high copper unicompositional one, which are used the most frequently in a clinical setting at the present, to experiment the time-dependent changes of strength, bubbles were examined. Besides, to examine the detrimental effects of mercury contained in dental amalgam, the amount of mercury release was evaluated. Methods : As dental amalgams which were used herein, [BESTALOY], [Hi-Aristaloy 21] and [Sybraloy] were selected for a low-copper conventional amalgam, a high-copper admixed one and a high-copper unicompositional one in the corresponding order. The formation of bubbles and the weight ratio of mercury release were evaluated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Thus, the following results were obtained: Results : 1. The time-dependent amount of mercury release reached a statistical significance in three types of alloys, which was shown in such a descending order as [BESTALOY], [Hi-Aristaloy 21] and [Sybraloy]. 2. A low-copper conventional type, BESTALOY is a cutting type and it was found to have an increased formation of fine bubbles. In the remaining two types, [Hi-Aristaloy 21] (a high-copper admixed alloy) and [Sybraloy] (a high-copper unicompositional alloy), the time-dependent changes in the formation of bubbles was negligible. Conclusions : Accordingly, this type of mercury release from amalgam alloy denotes the difference in the weight ratio of total constituents between after 24 hours and after two weeks. But further studies are warranted to examine the amount of mercury release which is detrimental to human bodies. Besides, a low-copper conventional alloy is a cutting type and it was characterized by the abundant formation of bubbles in a time-dependent manner. This implies that the strength of amalgam is impaired, which should be considered in selecting the appropriate amalgam alloy in a clinical setting.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1980

Ease of manipulation, adequate mechanical properties, long years of experience and economical cost are the factors which have established amalgam as the most widely used material for dental restorations. But amalgam restoration may require replacement because of secondary caries, fracture, "fall-out", dimensional change, tarnish or corrosion etc.. These failures of amalgam restorations seem to arise from failures during operations rather than from the inherent shortcomings of the material itself or of the patient's mismanagement. It is anticipated that notonly number of analgam restoration, but failures will be increase after more extensive utilization of the medical insurance which began in 1977. Then authors think that it would be helpful for the development of better treatment in daily dental practice, to know the duration of amalgam restorations and the reasons for their replacement. The data for this survey was compiled from 2, 856 out-patients of the Department of Dentistry, Ewha Woman's University Hospital from January 1975 to December 1977. 260 cases among 1,718 fillings were studied, of which 205 cases both had a single reason for replacement and recognized the date of the previous filling. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Amalgam fillings were 58. 5 percent of all dental restorative materials. Of these, 15. 13 percent of the amalgam restorations had to be replaced. 2. The first reason for replacement of amalgam restorations was secondary caries (56.10%), the second was fracture (23.80%) and the third was "fall-out" (8.78%). 3. Among those amalgms requiring replacement, 52.2 percent had been in place less than 3 years, 70.7 percent within 5 years and 89.8 percent had been in place less than 10 years. Only 10.2 percent had been in place more than 10 years.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제22권4호통권179호
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• pp.323-328
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• 1984

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2013

본 연구는 치과재료의 유해인자로부터 치과종사자들의 진료실내의 유해인자로부터 노출을 최소화시키기 위해 치과종사자들의 치과수복재료인 아말감과 레진에 대한 안전성 관리행동에 대해 설문을 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 치과용 아말감과 레진 종류에 따른 사용여부는 아말감 85.8%, 컴포지트 레진은 100%, 아크릴 레진과 트레이용 레진은 각각 97.8%, 95.7%를 사용한다고 응답하였다. 치과용 아말감과 레진의 유해성에 대한 인식은 치과용 아말감은 95.2%, 레진의 유해성에 대한 인식은 36.5%가 잘 알고 있다고 응답하였다. 2. 레진 사용 시 안전성에 관한 관리 행동사항은 4점 척도로 점수가 높을수록 안전성에 관한 관리 행동이 낮은 것을 의미하고 전체평균은 1.99로 조사되었으며 안전성 행동의 실천성이 가장 낮은 항목은 평균 2.50으로 '레진 취급 시 실내공기를 환기시킨다'가 나타났으며 '치과재료를 사용 시 관리지침서에 주의사항을 숙지한다'는 1.04로 안전성 관리행동이 가장 양호하게 나타났다. 3. 치과용 아말감 사용 시 안전성에 관한 관리 행동은 평균이 1.83이며 안전성 관리행동이 가장 낮게 나타난 항목은 평균 2.89로 '아말감 취급 시 환자에게 러버댐을 장착한다', '아말감 사용 후 실내공기를 환기시킨다'가 2.78이며 치과용 아말감 사용 시 안전성 관리 행동이 가장 잘 되는 항목은 '남은 아말감은 뚜껑이 있는 용기에 보관한다'가 1.40, '아말감 사용 후 폐기물 처리법에 의해 처리한다'는 1.42로 나타났다. 4. 일반적인 특징에 따른 치과용 아말감과 레진 사용 시 안전성 관리 행동의 결과 아말감은 모든 특징에서 유의성을 나타냈으며 레진은 직장 내 직위와 근무경력이 통계적 유의성을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 아말감에 대한 안전성 관리행동은 연령이 20~25세가 2.06으로 높은 연령대보다 저조하였으며 학력은 고졸, 전문대졸, 대졸이 각각 2.38, 1.97, 1.77로 나타나 학력이 높은 대상이 양호한 결과를 나타냈다. 근무장소는 종합병원(대학병원)이 1.69로 실천성이 가장 양호했다. 직장 내 직위는 아말감과 레진이 각각 수석치과위생사가 1.84, 1.68로 안전성 관리행동이 좋게 나타났으며 경력은 아말감인 경우 1~3년이 1.89, 10년 이상 1.96, 레진은 10년 이상이 1.67로 나타나 경력은 대체적으로 높은 경 우 실천성이 높았다. 5. 치과용 아말감 및 레진의 사용 시 안전성 관리행동과 일반적인 특징과의 상관관계에서 아 말감과 통계적으로 유의하게 상관관계를 나타낸 일반적인 특징은 학력(p<0.05)과 직장 내 직위(p<0.05)이며 레진 사용 시 안전성 관리행동과 통계적 유의성을 나타낸 일반적인 특징은 연령(p<0.05)과 직장 내 직위(p<0.05)로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 치과의료기관 종사자들에게 치과재료 취급 시 재료에 대한 유해성 교육이 지속적으로 전달되어야 하며 주의사항을 꼭 숙지하여 안전성 관리행동이 올바르게 이루어짐으로 친환경적인 근무환경을 만들고 유해한 화학물질부터 치과종사자들의 건강을 예방하는 데 적극 노력하여야 할 것이다.