• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.148-156
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Pb-Free Sn-2%Ag-Bi solder alloys. The solder alloys used in this study is Sn-2%Ag-(3,5,7,9%) Bi It is examined that their properties such as melting range, wettability, microstructure, microhardness, and tensile property. The addition of Bi(3,5,7,9%) lowered the melting point of the solder and the melting range was 196~203$^{\circ}C$. The wettability of the solder as equal to that of Sn-37% Pb solder. The morphology of structure did not change largely by addition of Bi. But the structure of cellular dendrite of linear type displayed. The tensile strength of the solder was superior to that of Sn-37%Pb solder. But the elongation was inferior to that of Sn-37%Pb solder. The hardness of Sn-2%Ag solder was tow times and that of Sn-2%Ag-Bi solder was three times of that in Sn-37%Pb solder. But the effect of increment of Bi content did not change largely.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.194-204
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• 2023

Models based on diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) have been extensively used to explore the mechanisms of dendritic particle aggregation phenomena. The physical and chemical properties of systems in which DLA aggregates emerge are given in their fractal. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the growth of electrodeposited copper dendrites in flat plate electrochemical cells from a fractal perspective. The effects of growth time, applied voltage, copper ion concentration, and electrolyte acidity on the morphology and fractal dimension of deposited copper were examined. 'Phase diagram' set out the variety of electrodeposited copper fractal morphology analysed by metallographic microscopy. The box counting method confirms that the electrodeposited dendritic structures manifestly exhibit fractal character. It was found that with the increase of the voltage and copper ion concentration. The fractal copper size becomes larger and its morphology shifts towards a dendritic structure, with the fractal dimension fluctuating around 1.60-1.70. In addition, the morphology of the deposited copper is significantly affected by the acidity of the electrolyte. The increase in acidity from 0.01 to 1.00 mol/L intensifies the hydrogen precipitation side reactions and the overflow path of hydrogen bubbles affects the fractal growth of copper dendrites.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

1993 년, 충북 청주시 사뇌사지에서 많은 양의 청동 유물이 발견되었다. 이중 12점에서 시료를 채취하였고 원자 흡수 분광법 및 유도 결합 플라스마 방출 분광법을 이용하여 성분분석을 실시하였다. 또한 금속현미경 및 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 금속의 미세조직을 관찰하였다. 사뇌사지 출토 청동기는 성분, 제작 방법 그리고 용도에 따라 주조품, 단조 품, 타명기 그리고 땜 등 4 가지 종류로 분류되었다. 의례 용기로 사용된 주조품은 70% Cu, 10% Sn 그리고 20% Pb의 합금으로 ${\alpha}+{\beta}$의 전형적인 주조 조직을 보이고 있다. ${\delta}$상은 적은 양의 Sn 때문에 쉽게 관찰되지 않고 있으며 상대적으로 많은 양의 납을 함유하고 있어서 납편석을 관찰할 수 있다. 생활 용기로 사용된 단조품은 80% Cu와 20% Sn 합금으로 ${\alpha}$상과 담금질 조직을 보이고 있어 열처리를 행한 것으로 추측된다. 가공방법은 ${\alpha}$상의 모습과 ${\alpha}$상 내에 존재하는 쌍정으로 확인할 수 있다. 납은 가공을 어렵게 하므로 합금되지 않았다. 소리를 내기 위한 타명기는 85% Cu, 10% Sn, 5% Pb 또는 90% Cu, 10% Sn으로 합금되었으며 많은 양의 주석을 함유된 상태로 주조되어 수지상 구조를 나타내고 있다. 땜은 83% Cu, 12% Sn 그리고 5% Pb로 합금되었으며 공기중에서 빠르게 냉각되어 미세한 수지상 구조를 보이고 있다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2002

[ $Mg_{68}Zn_{28}Y_4$ ] 합금의 응고 조직은 primary solidification phase, primary solidification phase로부터 성장된 ${\alpha}-Mg$ dendrite, 그리고 응고 말기에 형성된 eutectic structure의 세 가지형태 조직으로 구성되어져 있다. Primary solidification phase에는 매우 큰 정도의 phason strain이 존재하고 있으며, $a=27.2{\AA}\;and\;{\alpha}=63.43^{\circ}$의 격자상수를 갖는 1/1 rhombohedral approximant가 존재한다. 이와 같은 rhombohedral approximant의 구조는 six dimensional face centered hyper-cubic lattice에 phason strain을 도입함에 의해 얻어질 수 있다. Decagonal phase는 icosahedral phase로부터 방위 관계를 가지며 형성되며, $Mg_4Zn_7$는 decagonal phase로부터 방위관계를 가지며 성장한다. 이는 세 상간에 구조적 유사성이 존재하고 있음을 의미하며, 응고시 용질원자의 분배에 의해 이들 세 상이 순서대로 형성되어진다.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

축삭(axon), 가지돌기(dendrite), 신경세포체(cell body)와 같은 뉴런의 소기관을 분리하는 작업은 신경학적 현상의 분석에 도움을 준다. 최근에 딥러닝 기술을 이용하여 이를 수행하고자 하는 시도들이 있지만, 데이터의 노이즈, 훈련 데이터와의 차이 등으로 인해 결과에 오류를 포함할 가능성이 있다. 따라서, 이러한 기술을 실제 분석에 활용하기 위해서는 결과를 교정하는 과정이 필수적이지만, 이는 전문가가 수작업으로 수행해야 하기 때문에 많은 노력과 시간이 소요된다. 우리는 딥러닝 결과에 존재하는 오류들을 보다 손쉽게 교정할 수 있는 대화형 뉴런 구조 교정 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 구조적 일관성을 지니는 뉴런의 특성을 기반으로 뉴런 구조를 교정하여 적은 사용자의 인터랙션으로도 높은 정확도의 교정 결과를 얻을 수 있도록 한다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.322-329
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• 2014

N-acetylglucosamine kinase (GlcNAc kinase or NAGK; EC 2.7.1.59) is highly expressed and plays a critical role in the development of dendrites in brain neurons. In this study, the authors conducted structure-function analysis to verify the previously proposed 3D model structure of GlcNAc/ATP-bound NAGK. Three point NAGK mutants with different substrate binding capacities and reaction velocities were produced. Wild-type (WT) NAGK showed strong substrate preference for GlcNAc. Conversion of Cys143, which does not make direct hydrogen bonds with GlcNAc, to Ser (i.e., C143S) had the least affect on the enzymatic activity of NAGK. Conversion of Asn36, which plays a role in domain closure by making a hydrogen bond with GlcNAc, to Ala (i.e., N36A) mildly reduced NAGK enzyme activity. Conversion of Asp107, which makes hydrogen bonds with GlcNAc and would act as a proton acceptor during nucleophilic attack on the ${\gamma}$-phosphate of ATP, to Ala (i.e., D107A), caused a total loss in enzyme activity. The overexpression of EGFP-tagged WT or any of the mutant NAGKs in rat hippocampal neurons (DIV 5-9) increased dendritic architectural complexity. Finally, the overexpression of the small, but not of the large, domain of NAGK resulted in dendrite degeneration. Our data show the effect of structure on the functional aspects of NAGK, and in particular, that the small domain of NAGK, and not its NAGK kinase activity, plays a critical role in the upregulation of dendritogenesis.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.104-114
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• 2023

Three dimensional (3D) porous structures consisting of Cu@CoO core-shell-type nano-dendrites were synthesized and tested as the anode materials in lithium secondary batteries. For this purpose, first, the 3D porous films comprising Cu@Co core-shell-type nano-dendrites with various thicknesses were fabricated through the electrochemical co-deposition of Cu and Co. Then the Co shells were selectively anodized to form Co hydroxides, which was finally dehydrated to get Cu@CoO nanodendrites. The resulting electrodes exhibited very high reversible specific capacity almost 1.4~2.4 times the theoretical capacity of commercial graphite, and excellent capacity retention (~90%@50^th cycle) as compared with those of the existing transition metal oxides. From the analysis of the cumulative irreversible capacity and morphology change during charge/discharge cycling, it proved that the excellent capacity retention was attributed to the unique structural feature of our core-shell structure where only the thin CoO shell participates in the lithium storage. In addition, our electrodes showed a superb rate performance (70.5%@10.8 C-rate), most likely due to the open porous structure of 3D films, large surface area thanks to the dendritic structure, and fast electron transport through Cu core network.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.438-442
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• 2015

Porous thick film of alumina which is fabricated by freeze tape casting using a camphene-camphor-acrylate vehicle. Alumina slurry is mixed above the melting point of the camphene-camphor solvent. Upon cooling, the camphene-camphor crystallizes from the solution as particle-free dendrites, with the $Al_2O_3$ powder and acrylate liquid in the interdendritic spaces. Subsequently, the acrylate liquid is solidified by photopolymerization to offer mechanical properties for handling. The microstructure of the porous alumina film is characterized for systems with different cooling rate around the melting temperature of camphor-camphene. The structure of the dendritic porosity is compared as a function of ratio of camphene-camphor solvent and acrylate content, and $Al_2O_3$ powder volume fraction in acrylate in terms of the dendrite arm width.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.259-263
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• 2012

Dependence of the freeze-drying process condition on microstructure of porous W and pore formation mechanism were studied. Camphene slurries with $WO_3$ contents of 10 vol% were prepared by milling at $50^{\circ}C$ with a small amount of dispersant. Freezing of a slurry was done in Teflon cylinder attached to a copper bottom plate cooled at $-25^{\circ}C$. Pores were generated subsequently by sublimation of the camphene during drying in air for 48 h. The green body was hydrogen-reduced at $800^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and sintered in the furnace at $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. After heat treatment in hydrogen atmosphere, $WO_3$ powders were completely converted to metallic W without any reaction phases. The sintered samples showed large pores with the size of about $70{\mu}m$ which were aligned parallel to the camphene growth direction. Also, the internal wall of large pores and near bottom part of specimen had relatively small pores with dendritic structure due to the growth of camphene dendrite depending on the degree of nucleation and powder rearrangement in the slurry.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-43
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• 1992

Corrosion characteristics of four commerial gold-based dental alloys(C-1; Au75%, Ag13.9%, Pd3%, Cu & etc.,8.1%, C-2 ;Au 52.08, Ag 24%, Pd 5%, Cu & etc.,18.92, C-3 ; Au 53%, Ag 22%, Pd 5%, Pt 3% Cu & etc.,17%, C-4 ; Au 53%, Pd4, Pt1.5%, Ag & Cu & etc.,41.5%) and four experimental ternary Au-Ag-Cu alloys(E-1 ; Au 50%, Ag 30%, Cu 20%, E-2 ; Au 50%, Ag 20%, Cu 30%, E-3 ; Au 50%, Ag 10%, Cu 40%, E-4 ; Au 50%, Ag 40%, Cu 10%) were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization analysis and the structure was examined by optical microscope and SEM. All corrosion testing was conducted in 1% NaCl solution. The main results are as follows : 1. The corrosion resistence of commercial alloys was decreased in the order of C-1, C-3, C-4, C-2. C-2. 2. The E-1 and E-3 ternary alloys exhibits the higher corrosion resistence than E-2 and E-4 alloys. 3. The cast microstructure of alloys reveals dendrite morphology which shows the significant microsegregation caused by the difference in the diffusion rate between liquid and solid. 4. It is found that the surface corrosion products were mainly AgCl by X-ray diffraction results.