• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.139-164
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• 2009

The first demographic transition refers to the historical decline in mortality and fertility, as shown from the 18th Century in several European populations, and continuing present in most developing countries. The end point of the first demographic transition(FDT) was supposed to be a stationary and stable population corresponding with replacement fertility and zero population growth. In addition, households in all parts of the world would converge toward the nuclear and conjugal types, composed of married couples and their offspring. The second demographic transition(SDT), on the other hand, sees no such equilibrium as the end-point. Rather, new developments bring sub-replacement fertility, a multitude of living arrangements other than marriage, and the disconnection between marriage and procreation. Populations would face declining sizes if not complemented by new migrants. Over the last decades birth rates have been on the decline in all countries of the world, and it is estimated that already more than half of he world's population has below replacement level fertility. Measured in terms of the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), currently 34 countries have fertility levels of 1.5 or less. Similarly, Korea has been below lowest-low fertility for eight consecutive years since 2001 and below the replacement level for more than twenty years. In explaining the low fertility in Korea, some researchers explain the low fertility as revenge against a male-dominated society and institution, while others focus the impact of the employment instability. These studies share the basic ideas (spread of individualism, delayed marriage and childbearing, high divorce rate etc.) of a second demographic transition in order to explain the low fertility in Korea.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.35-77
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• 2023

This study aims to solve the entangled loop between demographic transition (DT) and economic growth by analyzing cross-country data. We undertake a national-level group analysis to verify the compressed transition of demographic variables over time. Assuming that the LA (latecomer advantage) on DT over time exists, we verify that the DT of the latecomer is compressed by providing a formal proof of LA on DT over income. As a DT has the double-kinked functions of income, we check them in multiple aspects: early maturation, leftward threshold, and steeper descent under a contour map and econometric methods. We find that the developing countries (the latecomer) have speedy DT (CDT, compressed DT) as well as speedy income such that DT of the latecomers starts at lower levels of income, lasts for a shorter period, and finishes at the earlier stage of economic development compared to that of developed countries (the early mover). To check the balance of DT, we classify countries into four groups of DT---balanced, slow, unilateral, and rapid transition countries. We identify that the main causes of rapid transition are due to the strong family planning programs of the government. Finally, we check the effect of latecomer's CDT on economic growth inversely: we undertake the simulation of the CDT effect on economic growth and the aging process for the latecomer. A worrying result is that the CDT of the latecomer shows a sharp upturn of the working-age population, followed by a sharp downturn in a short period. Compared to early-mover countries, the latecomer countries cannot buy more time to accommodate the workable population for the period of demographic bonus and prepare their aging societies for demographic onus. Thus, we conclude that CDT is not necessarily advantageous to developing countries. These outcomes of the latecomer's CDT can be re-interpreted as follows. Developing countries need power sources to pump up economic development, such as the following production factors: labor, physical and financial capital, and economic systems. As for labor, the properties of early maturation and leftward thresholds on DTs of the latecomer mean that demographic movement occurs at an unusually early stage of economic development; this is similar to a plane that leaks fuel before or just before take-off, with the result that it no longer flies higher or farther. What is worse, the property of steeper descent represents the falling speed of a plane so that it cannot be sustained at higher levels, and then plummets to all-time lows.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.131-140
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• 2015

After drawing the sensory images from the color green, the difference of sensory images and the difference of the color green according to demographic characteristics and which factors affect the preference have been analysed. The thirty six-photos of 2013 women fashion show on the STYLE.COM were used for the stimuli of green colour fashion for the questionnaire. The people surveyed were adults in their 20s to 50s. The 123 copies of the questionnaire were used for the statistical analysis of this study. Factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ test, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test and Regression analysis test were carried out by SPSS 19 for the statistical analysis of collected data. The results were as follows. The sensory images of green fashion were drawn in six types. The sensory images of green fashion according to demographic characteristics showed a significant difference depending on martial status, age, monthly income and occupation. The preference of green colour fashion according to demographic characteristics showed a significant difference depending on sex, age, monthly income, occupation. The variables affecting the preference of green fashion were identified as four types, and the most affecting variable to the preference was the favorable and familiar factor. These research results will become available on selecting the target customer and making the marketing differentiation strategy when planning fashion products.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.554-564
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• 2013

We provide an empirical assessment that examines the differences in appearance management behavior, life satisfaction and demographic variables between groups classified by individual lifestyle. Questionnaires were administered to 513 female and male adults over 17 years of age in the Daegu and Kyungbok metropolitan regions. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, ANOVA, Duncan test and ${\chi}^2$ test were applied to analyze data from 513 respondents. The results are as follows. First, we did a cluster analysis on the appearance management behavior of weight training, skin care, hair care, make-up and clothing selection. Four groups (passive, rational, fashion oriented, and active typed) where classified according to individual lifestyle. Second, the rational and active groups were more interested in the social life, environmental stability, health, fashion and economic seeking life. They were also more involved in appearance management behavior and in a higher level of life satisfaction. However, the differences of life satisfaction among the lifestyle group (male) were not statistically significant. Third, females with higher level of income and education (among the demographic variables) belonged to the active group. We found significant differences in appearance management behavior, life satisfaction and demographic variables among male and female groups classified by lifestyle.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.385-395
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• 2020

We present a new maximum likelihood approach to estimate demographic history using genomic data sampled from two populations. A demographic model such as an isolation-with-migration (IM) model explains the genetic divergence of two populations split away from their common ancestral population. The standard probability model for an IM model contains a latent variable called genealogy that represents gene-specific evolutionary paths and links the genetic data to the IM model. Under an IM model, a genealogy consists of two kinds of evolutionary paths of genetic data: vertical inheritance paths (coalescent events) through generations and horizontal paths (migration events) between populations. The computational complexity of the IM model inference is one of the major limitations to analyze genomic data. We propose a fast maximum likelihood approach to estimate IM models from genomic data. The first step analyzes genomic data and maximizes the likelihood of a coalescent tree that contains vertical paths of genealogy. The second step analyzes the estimated coalescent trees and finds the parameter values of an IM model, which maximizes the distribution of the coalescent trees after taking account of possible migration events. We evaluate the performance of the new method by analyses of simulated data and genomic data from two subspecies of common chimpanzees in Africa.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.205-221
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to classify several variable which were assumed to have relationship with the college students behavior of Hyo, to see their possible correlation with demographic characteristics, and to proved some useful data for their possible correlation with demographic characteristics. and to provide some useful data for their sound value system. The data for this study was obtained form the survey of the 477 students who reside in the city of Seoul by using questionnaire methods. The frequency of variables was statistically analyzed to see the general character of the samples and factor analysis was made for classification of the college student's behavior of Hyo. In order to study th characteristic of demographic variables, t-test and ANOVA were conducted The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) As the result of factor analysis about behavior of Hyo, six factors (Which Eigen value was above 1.0) out of 64 questions were extracted : 'respect' familiarity' 'family consciousness' 'serve' self-preservation, establishmence of them-selves in life' and 'self-reliance' were selected. 2)In general, it can be said that the college students' behavior of Hyo varies by demographic variables. 3) By surveying the level of actualizing Hyo of the college students' all of factors ranged from 'the middle' to 'the high level'. The result confirmed that students fulfilled the behavior of Hyo to their parents in all items.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2013

This study examined the degree of appearance interest and clothing conformity, the impacts of appearance interest on clothing conformity, and the effects of appearance interest and demographic variables on clothing conformity. A questionnaire survey collected data from October $3^{rd}$ to $27^{th}$ 2011. A convenience sample was drawn from adults between the ages of 17 and 76 who lived in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk regions of South Korea. A total of 513 responses produced complete and usable questionnaires. Data were tested through factor analysis and regression analysis, using SPSS 20.0. The results of this study are as follows : First, three factors were extracted from clothing conformity (normative, informative, identifiable conformity). The appearance interest was relatively high and normative conformity was the highest level among three factors of clothing conformity. Second, appearance interest was significant predictors of clothing conformity. Third, demographic variables such as gender, marital status, age and education levels had significant effects on the relationship between appearance interest and clothing conformity.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 2006

Data from the 2001 Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey, were analyzed to assess prevalence of health intended food use overall and in relation to socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Health intended food were classified into four broadly defined categories: vitamin and mineral supplements, health aid food, animal protein based restorative food and medicinal plants. Thirty three percent of adults aged 20 years or older reported taking health intended food in the past year : twenty four percent took vitamin or mineral supplements and medicinal plants were taken by 17 % of adults, health aid food by 15% and animal protein based restorative food by 6%. In multivariate logistic regression, female gender, older age, more education, regular exercise and non smoking were associated with greater use of vitamin or mineral supplements. Dietary quality was significantly associated with use of vitamin or mineral supplements or health aid food but not with use of medicinal plants or animal protein based restorative foods. Obese persons were less likely to take vitamin or mineral supplements. These findings suggest that epidemiologic studies of diet, demographic or lifestyle and health take health intended food use into account because of high prevalence of use of the food by the population and differential use of the food by socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

This study diagnosed difference of preference about demand performance with design of men's suit according to demographic characteristic and figured out Needs of adult man consumers for men's suit. This study is survey research. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used. To analyze the collected data, fact analysis, $\chi^2$, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparisons and the rest were carried out with using SPSS 14.0. Result of this study could get as following. According to silhouette and color, there was difference to age, attainments in scholarship and preference according to job. Also young people preferred fitted-silhouette and in occasion of color, all of them preferred best black. It was no difference according to demographic characteristic in preferring pattern but preferred best solid on the whole. Demand performance of men's suit appeared by five main causes of design, practicality, comfort, appearance appropriateness, another person awareness and functional materials. And most main causes showed difference according to demographic characteristic.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.17-22
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• 2015

Purpose - This study investigated the demographic characteristics of retirees who sought not to be reemployed or join an organization but, instead, to be self-employed. This study verified self-employment by regional and/or educational features to determine the self-employment factors and the policies required. Research design, data, and methodology - Models and hypotheses were used to verify the conversion into self-employment depending on retirees' demographic characteristics. This study investigated regions according to precedent studies and used SPSS 18.0 as follows. First, frequency was used to investigate the general characteristics. Second, a factor correlation analysis was done. Results - Hypothesis 1, which stated that, "retirees with low educational background often start a self-employed business," was significant. Hypothesis 2, which stated that, "retirees in metropolitan areas frequently start a self-employed business," was significant. Hypothesis 3, which stated that, "retirees in a megalopolis frequently start a self-employed business," was significant. Conclusions - A preliminary startup education was needed to lessen the losses. Retirees should have preliminary knowledge of actual self-employment conditions to be given a startup education.