• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2016

Objective : The cognitive rehabilitation were necessary for the elderly has generally decreased memory in order to recovery and maintain. This study showed that effect of memorial strategy program on memory in the elderly. Methods : 20 elderly who has used seniors welfare center in Busan was divided into an experimental group and control group. The control group used program of seniors welfare center, the experimental group participated memorial strategy program twice a week, total of 8 times. We used contextural memory test(CMT) to compared before and after. Results : Immediate recall and delayed recall were no statistically significant difference(p>.05) in both experimental group and control group when compared before and after. But there was statistically significant difference(p<.05) in a experimental group after memorial strategy program. Conclusion : This study shown that memorial strategy program help memory improve in the elderly. Many programs for memory improve in the elderly expect that prevent dementia or mild cognitive impairment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.397-404
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• 2009

For standardization of LMK02 quality, Ginsenoside Rg3 of Red Ginseng and Decursin of Angelica gigas Nakai in the constituents of LMK02 were estimated as indicative components. From LMK02 water extract, has been used in vitro test for its beneficial effects on neuronal survival and neuroprotective functions, particularly in connection with APP-related dementias and Alzheimer's disease (AD). $A{\beta}$ oligomer derived from proteolytic processing of the ${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein (APP), including the amyloid-${\beta}$ peptide ($A{\beta}$), play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia. We determined that oligomer amyloid-${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) have a profound attenuation in the increase in rat hippocampus H19-7 cells from. Experimental evidence indicates that LMK02 protects against neuronal damage from cells, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Using a hippocampus cell line on $A{\beta}$ oligomer-induced neuronal cytotoxicity, we demonstrated that LMK02 inhibits formation of $A{\beta}$ oligomer, which are the behavior, and possibly causative, feature of AD. In the Red Ginseng, the average amounts of Ginsenoside Rg3 were $47.04{\mu}g/g$ and $42.3{\mu}g/g$, 90 % of its weight were set as a standard value. And, in the Angelica gigas Nakai, the average amounts of Decursin were 2.71 mg/g and 2.44mg/g, 90 % of its weight were also set as a standard value. The attenuated $A{\beta}$ oligomer in the presence of LMK02 was observed in the conditioned medium of this $A{\beta}$ oligomer-induced cells under in vitro. In the cells, LMK02 significantly activated antiapoptosis and decreased the production of ROS. These results suggest that neuronal damage in AD might be due to two factors: a direct $A{\beta}$ oligomer toxicity and multiple cellular and molecular neuroprotective mechanisms, including attenuation of apoptosis and direct inhibition of $A{\beta}$ oligomer, underlie the neuroprotective effects of LMK02 treatment.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 2020

Objective : Recently, the demand for wearable mobile devices for the monitoring and improvement of one's health and quality of life is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the need of potential users in order to develop mobile health based and lifestyle care application for the elderly. Methods : Participants who lived in their community and used a mobile phone were recruited. Finally, a total of 84 participants completed the survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a t-test, which was carried out with SPSS version 25.0. Results : The application functions that users deemed important for a lifestyle care app were the number of daily steps, physical activity, blood pressure, sleep, nutrition and participation in activity. Interestingly, there was a significant difference in the importance given to the app function of participation in activities between age groups. Conclusion : This study investigated the need and preferences of potential users of health and lifestyle care application for the promotion of health among the elderly. The, findings obtained from this study could be a valuable resource for the development of lifestyle care application.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.718-732
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients or food factors related to cognitive function of elderly having Alzheimer's disease. In this study 38 subjects who were over 65 years old have participated in dementia clinic at A medical center. After they were diagnosed to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) through blood analysis, neuropsychological test, brain image and interview by medical specialist, we examined for their general information, anthropometry, blood pressure and dietary intakes. Dietary intakes were investigated using the 24-hour recall record. Energy intake was adequate and the energy composition of carbohydrate, protein and fat was 60.8 : 16.2 : 23.0, but dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin A and folate were less than 75% of the recommended intake levels for Koreans. The multiple regression analysis adjusted with age, sex and educational level showed that cognitive function was positively related to intakes of zinc, fishes and shellfishes, beans & nuts, sugars and fats, and negatively related to intakes of plant calcium and eggs. These results indicate that intakes of specific nutrients or food groups are associated with the specific domains of cognitive function in elderly with AD.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the roles and practices of occupational therapists in public health centers based on their working experience of occupational therapists who are working in these facilities. Methods : We used Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological research method. Six occupational therapists were interviewed, and their recorded data were analyzed using Claizzi's thematic analysis. Results : As a result, 4 categories, 16 themes, and 24 elements were elicited. The major roles of occupational therapists in public health centers were the evaluation of clients, home-visit occupational therapy, management of dementia programs and community connection projects. Interventions that are needed to create a healthy community include case and program management, compensatory approaches, and healthy lifestyle interventions. The difficulties experienced by occupational therapists include their limited number job insecurity, performance-oriented administrative policy, and the lack of communication among professionals. Occupational therapists require education in health management and practice in public health centers to build their capacities. Conclusion : The results of this study could be used for guidelines for occupational therapists who work in community healthcare centers, as well as basic training for competent occupational therapists in the community.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2022

Background: Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. Gintonin exerts its neuronal and non-neuronal in vitro and in vivo effects through LPA receptor subtypes. However, it is unknown whether gintonin can bind to the plasma membrane of cells and can transactivate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In the present study, we examined whether gintonin-biotin conjugates directly bound to LPA receptors and transactivated the EGF receptor. Methods: We designed gintonin-biotin conjugates through gintonin biotinylation and examined whether gintonin-biotin conjugate binding sites co-localized with the LPA receptor subtype binding sites. We further examined whether gintonin-biotin transactivated the EGF receptor via LPA receptor regulation via phosphor-EGF and cell migration assays. Results: Gintonin-biotin conjugates elicit [Ca²⁺]_i transient similar to that observed with unbiotinylated gintonin in cultured PC3 cells, suggesting that biotinylation does not affect physiological activity of gintonin. We proved that gintonin-biotin conjugate binding sites co-localized with the LPA1/6 receptor binding sites. Gintonin-biotin binding to the LPA1 receptor transactivates the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor through phosphorylation, while the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, Ki16425, blocked phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Additionally, an EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 blocked gintonin-biotin conjugate-mediated cell migration. Conclusions: We observed the binding between ginseng-derived gintonin and the plasma membrane target proteins corresponding to the LPA1/6 receptor subtypes. Moreover, gintonin transactivated EGF receptors via LPA receptor regulation. Our results suggest that gintonin directly binds to the LPA receptor subtypes and transactivates the EGF receptor. It may explain the molecular basis of ginseng physiology/pharmacology in biological systems.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.750-758
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• 2022

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional condition between normality and dementia. Ginseng is known to have effects on attenuating cognitive deficits in neurogenerative diseases. Ginsenosides are the main bioactive component of ginseng, and their protein targets have not been fully understood. Furthermore, no thorough analysis is reported in ginsenoside-related protein targets in MCI. Methods: The candidate protein targets of ginsenosides in brain tissues were identified by drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) coupled with label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Network pharmacology approach was used to collect the therapeutic targets for MCI. Based on the above-mentioned overlapping targets, we built up a proteineprotein interaction (PPI) network in STRING database and conducted gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Finally, we assessed the effects of ginseng total saponins (GTS) and different ginsenosides on mitochondrial function by measuring the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and performing molecular docking. Results: We screened 2526 MCI-related protein targets by databases and 349 ginsenoside-related protein targets by DARTS. On the basis of these 81 overlapping genes, enrichment analysis showed the mitochondria played an important role in GTS-mediated MCI pharmacological process. Mitochondrial function analysis showed GTS, protopanaxatriol (PPT), and Rd increased the activities of complex I in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking also predicted the docking pockets between PPT or Rd and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Conclusion: This study indicated that ginsenosides might alleviate MCI by targeting respiratory chain complex I and regulating mitochondrial function, supporting ginseng's therapeutic application in cognitive deficits.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.302-310
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• 2023

Background: The most common type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is marked by the formation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques. The impairments of axons and synapses appear in the process of Aβ plaques formation, and this damage could cause neurodegeneration. We previously reported that non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide (NFP) from Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) showed neuroprotective effects in AD. However, precise molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effects of NFP from KRG in AD still remains elusive. Methods: To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of NFP from KRG on AD, we conducted proteomic analysis for frontal cortex from vehicle-treated wild-type, vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, and NFP-treated 5XFAD mice by using nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Metabolic network analysis was additionally performed as the effects of NFP appeared to be associated with metabolism according to the proteome analysis. Results: Starting from 5,470 proteins, 2,636 proteins were selected for hierarchical clustering analysis, and finally 111 proteins were further selected for protein-protein interaction network analysis. A series of these analyses revealed that proteins associated with synapse and mitochondria might be linked to the therapeutic mechanism of NFP. Subsequent metabolic network analysis via genome-scale metabolic models that represent the three mouse groups showed that there were significant changes in metabolic fluxes of mitochondrial carnitine shuttle pathway and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the therapeutic effects of NFP on AD were associated with synaptic- and mitochondrial-related pathways, and they provided targets for further rigorous studies on precise understanding of the molecular mechanism of NFP.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.313-322
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the relationship among cognitive function, nutrition screening initiative (NSI) score, and food intake status. Methods: A total of 409 subjects aged over 60 years were recruited from the Yongin dementia prevention and control center. Mini Mental State Examination Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS) method was used to assess the cognitive function of the subjects. Information on health related behaviors and food intake was collected by face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires included the NSI DETERMINE checklist, food intake sheets by 24 hr recall method and by semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. Results: Subjects were divided into low cognitive or normal groups according to the MMSE-DS result. The prevalence of low cognitive function in the subjects was 25.7%. The low cognitive group exercised less and had higher nutritional health risk than the normal group. The low cognitive group had lower consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acid and higher tendency of thiamin, riboflavin, and iron deficiency. The low cognitive group had less frequency of eating mackerel, pepper, tangerine, and watermelon and higher frequency of eating white rice and cookies than the normal group. Conclusion: The results of this study imply that the cognitive function of elderly is related to exercise behavior, nutritional health risk, and food and nutrient intake status.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2012

Objectives : Delirium is a disorder defined as a sudden disturbance in thinking, speaking, acting and sleep pattern due to altered level of consciousness and cognitive function. The objective of this study is to analyze characteristics and therapeutic methods of the delirious patients during the recent 5 years, and provide basic data for further studies and investigation regarding delirium in the occurrence and treatment. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 475 patients who were consulted for delirium in Kyunghee University Medical Center from January 2007 to December 2011. Results : During the 5 years, among the 475 patients who were diagnosed as delirium, men were more common(61.7%). The most commonly consulted reason and cause were sleep disturbance(80.8%) and post-operational delirium(30.9%), respectively. The medication prescription percentage was 76.6% and was significantly increased year after year. Ratio of using antipsychotics were 76.4% among prescribed medication and the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic drug was quetiapine(46.8%). Other specialists commonly misdiagnosed delirium when the patient was previously diagnosed as dementia(6.8%). Conclusions : In our study, post-operational delirium was the most commonly referred reason and the percentage of medication prescription tended to increase. Patients with history of dementia were more easily misdiagnosed as diseases other than delirium. Our study suggests that we should evaluate symptoms, causes, reasons of consultation, management tendency of delirium. We should also closely observe changes in sleep patterns and establish the prevention strategies for post-operational delirium and therapeutic bases for pharmacotherapy.