• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2017

The Monascus azaphilone (MAz) pigment is a well-known food colorant that has yellow, orange and red components. The structures of the yellow and orange MAz differ by two hydride reductions, with yellow MAz being the reduced form. Orange MAz can be non-enzymatically converted to red MAz in the presence of amine derivatives. It was previously demonstrated that mppE and mppG are involved in the biosynthesis of yellow and orange MAz, respectively. However, ${\Delta}mppE$ and ${\Delta}mppG$ knockout mutants maintained residual production of yellow and orange MAz, respectively. In this study, we deleted the region encompassing mppD, mppE and mppG in M. purpureus and compared the phenotype of the resulting mutant (${\Delta}mppDEG$) with that of an mppD knockout mutant (${\Delta}mppD$). It was previously reported that the ${\Delta}mppD$ strain retained the ability to produce MAz but at approximately 10% of the level observed in the wildtype strain. A chemical analysis demonstrated that the ${\Delta}mppDEG$ strain was still capable of producing both yellow and orange MAz, suggesting the presence of minor MAz route(s) not involving mppE or mppG. Unexpectedly, the ${\Delta}mppDEG$ strain was observed to accumulate fast-eluting pigments in a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. A LC-MS analysis identified these pigments as ethanolamine derivatives of red MAz, which had been previously identified in an mppE knockout mutant that produces high amounts of orange MAz. Although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown, this study has yielded an M. purpureus strain that selectively accumulates red MAz.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.1191-1204
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• 2001

The paper is devoted to the study of fractional integration and differentiation on a finite interval [a, b] of the real axis in the frame of Hadamard setting. The constructions under consideration generalize the modified integration $\int_{a}^{x}(t/x)^{\mu}f(t)dt/t$ and the modified differentiation ${\delta}+{\mu}({\delta}=xD,D=d/dx)$ with real $\mu$, being taken n times. Conditions are given for such a Hadamard-type fractional integration operator to be bounded in the space $X^{p}_{c}$(a, b) of Lebesgue measurable functions f on $R_{+}=(0,{\infty})$ such that for c${\in}R=(-{\infty}{\infty})$, in particular in the space $L^{p}(0,{\infty})\;(1{\le}{\le}{\infty})$. The existence almost every where is established for the coorresponding Hadamard-type fractional derivative for a function g(x) such that $x^{p}$g(x) have $\delta$ derivatives up to order n-1 on [a, b] and ${\delta}^{n-1}[x^{\mu}$g(x)] is absolutely continuous on [a, b]. Semigroup and reciprocal properties for the above operators are proved.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2001

Surface crack growth characteristics and influence of the stress amplitude in rotary bending fatigue test were evaluated for annealed S35C steel, and than fractal dimensions of fatigue crack paths estimated using the box counting method. The following results that will be helpful to understand the fatigue crack growth mechanism were obtained. (1) Crack growth rate ds/dN and db/dN (s : half crack length at the surface crack, b : crack depth) depended on stress amplitude (${\Delta}{\sigma}/2$), stress intensity factor range (${\Delta}K_A, {\Delta}K_C$) and crack length. (2) At the effect area of 0.3 mm hole notch (s＜0.5 mm) crack growth rate did not depend on these factors. (3) The fractal dimensions (D) increased with stress amplitude (${\Delta}{\sigma}/2$) but decreased with cyclic number.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2002

This paper presents a 18-mW, 2.5-㎓ fractional-N frequency synthesizer with l-bit $4^{th}$-order interpolative delta-sigma ($\Delta{\;}$\sum$)modulator to suppress fractional spurious tones while reducing in-band phase noise. A fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a quadruple prescaler has been designed and implemented in a $0.5-\mu\textrm{m}$ 15-GHz $f_t$ BiCMOS. Synthesizing 2.1 GHzwith less than 200 Hz resolution, it exhibits an in-band phase noise of less than -85 dBc/Hz at 1 KHz offset frequency with a reference spur of -85 dBc and no fractional spurs. The synthesizer also shows phase noise of -139 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 1.2 MHz from a 2.1GHz center frequency.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

본 논문은 동적 경제급전의 최적화 문제를 풀기 위해 교환 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 첫 번째로, 발전단가 $C_i^{max}/P_i^{max}$가 비싼 발전기는 가동을 중지시키는 개념을 도입하여 총 요구량 $P_d$와 총 발전량 ${\Sigma}P_i$의 균형을 맞추었다. 다음으로 발전량을 $P_i=P_i{\pm}{\Delta}$, (${\Delta}$=1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001)에 대해 $_{max}[F(P_i)-F(P_i-{\Delta})]$ > $_{min}[F(P_j+{\Delta})-F(P_j)]$, $i{\neq}j$이면 $P_i=P_i-{\Delta}$, $P_j=P_j+{\Delta}$로 발전량을 교환하는 방법을 적용하였다. 동적 경제급전 문제의 시험사례에 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘 최적화 발전비용을 크기 감소시켜 경제적인 이익을 극대화 시켰다.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 1993

해양에서의 전선형성에 관해 그 발생기작을 중심으로 검토되었으며, 특히 조석혼합에 의해 발생하는 연안전선의 발생기작이 조석전선 형성에 관계되는 미세구조의 변화를 포함하는 연안의 해수 수직면에 대한 일차원 모형을 통해 이해되었다. 이로부터 조석전선의 형성을 예측하는 새로운 기준을 설정하였다. 모형으로부터 계산된 해수의 밀도 및 난류에네지의 시간에 따른 발달은 수온약층의 형성하기 위한 조건은 $\delta$가 클 때는 (${\delta}>0.5$)$R{\delta}^{-}$ constant로서 주어지지만, $\delta$가 0에 접근함에 따라 $\delta$에 점점 무관하게 됨을 보여준다. 여기서, $R=H^4Q/{K_b}^3,{\;}{\delta}=1-D_o/H$, Q는 해수면에서의 부력속, $K_b$는 해저에서의 와확산 계수, $D_o$ 아래서 수온약층의 깊이는 조석혼합이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것이 발견되었다. 그 결과는 기존의 연구와 비교 검토되었다.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제34C권4호
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• pp.26-35
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• 1997

This paper proposes a multi-bit $\Sigma\Delta$ modulator arcitecture which eliminates signal clipping problem. To avoid signal clipping, the output values of intgrators are monitored and modified by a reference value. This oepration is recorded as a digital code to restore actual signal value. Due to the digital code, the substraction of feedback value from the multi-bit quantizer can be calculated by a digital adder and this simplifies dAC operation making the accurate DAC of conventional multi-bit $\Sigma\Delta$ modulator scheme unnecessary. These features make N-th modulator can be implemented by sharing an integrator among N stages to decrease the required chip area. As an experimental example, a 4th order .sum..DELTA. modulator with oversampling ratio of 64 was simulated to show over 130 DB SNR at rail-to-rail input sinusoidal signal.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

In order to clarify the effect of overload on crack growth behaviors, fatigue tests for overload were carried out for round plain specimens of SM45C steel. In the experiment, typical semi-elliptical crack shape was found and further crack growth behaviors were tested. Using three types of single overload fatigue tests, Crack growth retardation phenomenon were examined. The growth rate of surface crack(da/dN) during retardation period was analyzed in terms of ${\Delta}K$ and ${\Delta}K_{eff}$. On the growth rate of surface crack analyzed by ${\Delta}K$, the dependence of overload stress levels appears. However, on the growth rate by ${\Delta}K_{eff}$ obtained by Willenborg analysis, there is a non-liner relationship between da/dN and ${\Delta}K_{eff}$ with narrow scatter band.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2012

In order to clarify the effect of overload on crack growth behaviors, fatigue tests for overload were carried out for round plain specimens of SM45C steel. In the experiment, typical semi-elliptical crack shape was found and further crack growth behaviors were tested. Using three types of single overload fatigue tests, Crack growth retardation phenomenon were examined. The growth rate of surface crack(da/dN) during retardation period was analyzed in terms of ${\Delta}K$ and ${\Delta}K_{eff}$. On the growth rate of surface crack analyzed by ${\Delta}K$, the dependence of overload stress levels appears. However, on the growth rate by ${\Delta}K_{eff}$ obtained by Willenborg analysis, there is a liner relationship between da/dN and ${\Delta}K_{eff}$ with narrow scatter band.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 1987

The linear and quadratic log contrast model with mixtures on the strictly positive simplex, $$ x_{q-1} = {(x_1, \cdots, x_q):\sum x_, = 1 and \delta \leq \frac{x_i}{x_j} \leq \frac{1}{\delta} for all i,j},$$ are considered. Using the invariance arguments, symmetric D-optimal designs are investigated. The class of symmetric D-optimal designs for the linear log contrasts model is given. Any D-optimal design for the quadratic log contrast model is shown to metric D-optimal designs for q=3 and 4 cases are given.