• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2013

Yang [12] investigated weakening-free fuzzy logics expanded by the delta connective $\Delta$, which can be interpreted as Baaz's projection and its generalizations. In this paper, we keep investigating such logics with an alternative delta connective $\Delta$, which can be regarded as a variant of the Baaz projection. The main difference is that although our new $\Delta$ satisfies many properties of Baaz projection, it can nether be interpreted as Baaz's projection itself nor its generalizations. For this, we first introduce several weakening-free fuzzy logics with the alternative connective $\Delta$. The algebraic structures corresponding to the systems are then defined, and their algebraic completeness is proved.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2001

To study whether N isotope composition (${\delta}^{15}N$) of crop reflects the kind of fertilizer (chemical or organic) applied to field, a pot experiment was conducted. Corn (Zea mays L.) was cultivated under greenhouse conditions for 70 days. Composted pig manure and urea were applied at 0 and 0 (C0U0), at 0 and 300 (COU2), at 300 and 0 (C2U0) and at 150 and $150kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ (C1U1), respectively. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of composted pig manure and urea were + 13.9‰ and -2.3‰, respectively. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of whole parts (roots + stems + leaves + grains) were + 12.7, + 12.9, + 14.0 and + 13.0‰ for C0U0, C0U2, C2U0 and C1U1 treatments, and were not significantly affected by the application of isotopically different N sources (P<0.05). However, leaves or grains showed significantly (P<0.05) different ${\delta}^{15}N$ values between treatments. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of leaves and grains were + 14.3 and + 16.2‰ for C2U0, +13.2 and +13.9‰ for C0U0, +10.1 and + 12.6‰ for C1U1 and +10.1 and +12.4‰ for C0U2 treatments. The different ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of corn from the values of N sources (compost and urea) applied to soil showed that the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of corn were affected not only by the isotope composition of N source, but also by N pool mixing and isotope fractionation accompanying N transformation. This study suggests that although the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of crop are not identical to the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of N sources applied to fields, the application of isotopically different N sources such as compost and chemical fertilizer may result in qualitative difference in ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of crop.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.3539-3542
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• 1974

Maximum density and optimum moisture content of a soil may be one of the very important properties to be specified in the design of earth structures and their works. However, the determination of these soil properties may not be done without the necessary equipment and time-consuming field tests. This study was conducted to develop an easier method by determing the relations between the natural moisture content and optimum moisture content and between maximum density and optimum moisture content so determined. These velations are remarkably defferent according to the areas where the samples were taken, and thus analysis of the experimental results are shown by regions as follows: Eastern Districs:{{{{Tdmax= { 1} over {0.0090Wopt+0.417 } ( delta = +- 0.042, gamma =0.92) Wopt=0.251WN+8.5( delta = +- 2.41%, gamma =0.87) }}}} Southern Districts: {{{{Tdmax= { 1} over {0.0088Wopt+0.412 } (delta = +- 0.083, gamma =0.89) Wopt=0.332WN+8.42(delta = +- 3.41%, gamma =0.84)}}}}Central Districtsl1): {{{{Tdmax= { 1} over {0.0112Wopt+0.383} ( delta = +- 0.052, gamma =0.97) Wopt=0.758WN+2.606( delta = +- 4.72%, gamma =0.79)}}}}($\delta$:Standard Deviation, ${\gamma}$:Correlation Coefficient)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.149-152
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• 2002

The effect of pressure on the catalytic properties of glutamate racemase from Aquifex pyrophilus, an extremophilic bacterium, was investigated. The activation volume for the overall reaction $({\Delta}V^{\neq})$ and catalysis $({{Delta}V_{cat}}^{\neq})$ was -96.97 ml/mol and 4.97 ml/mol, respectively, while the reaction volume for the substrate binding (${\Delta}V_{K_m^-1}$) was -101.94 ml/mol. The large negative ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$ for the overall reaction indicated that the pressurization of glutamate racemase resulted in enhanced catalytic efficiencies. In addition, this value was also due to the large negative ${Delta}V_{K_m^-1}$ for the substrate binding. The negative value of ${Delta}V_{K_m^-1}$ implied that the conformational changes in the enzyme molecule occurred during the substrate binding process, thereby increasing the degree of hydration. The small value of ${{Delta}V_{cat}}^{\neq}$suggested that the pressure did not affect the glutamate racemase catalysis after the substrate binding.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1074-1082
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• 1997

Microstructure and permeability as a function of sintering temperature and composition were studied on the Ni$\delta$Cu0.4-$\delta$Zn0.6Fe2O4 ($\delta$=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) which was prepared by Cu2+ substitution for Ni2+ in Ni.0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4, then followed by 8 wt% CuO and 1wt% Bi2O3 as sintering aids. It was found that NiCuZn ferrite in which Cu2+ is substituted for Ni2+ is more effective in reduction of sintering temperature than Ni.0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4, containing CuO as a sintering aid. The specimen $\delta$=0.2 sintered at 90$0^{\circ}C$ for 2hr exhibited the highest initial permeability value ($\mu$o=280 at 1Mhz), but the real permeability decreased at the frequency under 10 MHz. EPMA analysis showed that Ni$\delta$Cu0.4-$\delta$Zn0.6Fe2O4 ($\delta$=0.4), sintered at 95$0^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs consisted of three phase regions of Ni.0.3Cu0.1Zn0.6Fe2O4 region, Cu and Bi liquid existed at the 3-point boundary, although the stabilization energy of Ni2+ is higher than that of Cu2+ in B site.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2010

In the present study, we investigated whether a gross deletion in the nef gene ($g{\Delta}nef$) is induced by Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake. Ten patients were treated with KRG powder for 3 years in the absence of antiretroviral drug therapy. On average, $3,555{\pm}1,042\;g$ KRG was administered per person over $36.1{\pm}2.4$ months. There was a mild decrease in CD4 T cell count ($75{\pm}110/{\mu}L$) over the $36.1{\pm}2.4$ months (p = 0.059). We obtained 355 nef amplicons using 71 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples over a 3-year period. All ten patients exhibited g${\Delta}$nef (range, 3.2 to 45.9%). At baseline, 3 of 78 amplicons (3.8%) exhibited $g{\Delta}nef$, whereas 18.8% (52/277) revealed $g{\Delta}nef$ during KRG-intake (p<0.001). The proportion of $g{\Delta}nef$ was significantly correlated with monthly dose of KRG (r=0.89, p<0.001). The median time for first detection of $g{\Delta}nef$ was 13 months. In conclusion, our data show that $g{\Delta}nef$ is inducible by KRG intake and its proportion is dependent on the duration of KRG intake and dose of KRG.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.138-143
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• 1993

Effects of aging treatment on the microstructural evolution of a rapidly solidified Al-Li-Cu alloy were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). It was found that the precipitation sequence was: supersaturated solid solution ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ ${\rightarrow}$ metastable ${\delta}^{\prime}$ + stable precipitate $T_1$ ${\rightarrow}$ stable precipitates ${\delta}+T_1$. Two exothermic and two endothermic peaks are detected by DSC analysis. The two exothermic and endothermic peaks corresponded to ${\delta}^{\prime}$ and ${\delta}+T_1$ precipitation and dissolution reactions respectively. The enthalpy of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ precipitation decreased with increasing of aging temperature and time until the finishing point of precipitation. The activation energy for precipitation of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ was measured as 80KJ/mol and the energy for dissolution was 93KJ/mol. These values arc higher than those of AI-Li binary alloy. Peak hardness value (Hv 170) was obtamed at $210^{\circ}C$ for 1hr aging treatment which coincided with finishing point of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ precipitation.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.455-459
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• 2003

Tunneling spectra of B $i_2$S $r_2$Ca(C $u_{1-x}$ N $i_{x}$ )$_2$ $O_{8+}$$\delta$/ film by LPE method have been measured using break junctions. The energy gap 2$\Delta$ and 2$\Delta$/ $k_{B}$ $T_{c}$ $^{zero}$ increased with increase of ft. We obtained the energy gap Parameter 2$\Delta$(4.2 K) = 54.4~64 meV, and corresponding1y $\Delta$/ $k_{B}$ $T_{c}$ $^{zero}$=7.36~10.14, larger than the BCS value. The lattice constant c and critical temperature $T_{c}$ $^{zero}$ decrease with increase of $\chi$$_{L}$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 1991

- Since steroid $\Delta^1$-dehydrogenase synthesis has been known to be inducible, the mechanism of the enzyme induction of Arthrobacter simplex IAM 1660 was investigated. Among various steroids tested for inducers, hydrocortisone was the most effective inducer when hydrocortisone was used as a substrate for steroid $\Delta^1$-dehydrogenase. Steroid $\Delta^1$-dehydrogenase synthesis was effectively induced by progesterone, prednisolone and androstenedione, while the enzyme was less induced by cholesterol and not by phytosterols. The results suggest that the presence of 3-keto group and short side chain of steroids are the favorable factors for the induction of the $\Delta^1$-dehydrogenase synthesis. The enzyme was induced at the highest level when hydrocortisone was added at early log phase to the concentration of 0.01% of the culture and the culture was grown for 15 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 1997

Triacylglycerols of the seeds of Ginkgo biloba have been resolved by high-performace liquid chromatography(HPLC} in the silver-ion and reverse-phase modes. The fatty acids were identified by a combination of capillary gas chromatography and gas-chromatography /mass spectrometry as the methyl and /or picolinyl ester. The main components are $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$(39.0mol%), $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$(asclepic acid 21.5mol%), and $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$(oleic acid, 13.8mol%). Considerable amounts of unusual acid such as $C_{20:3{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$ (5.7mol%), $C_{18:2{\Delta}^{5,9}$(2.8mol%), and $C_{18:3}{\Delta}^{5,9,12}$(1.6mol%), were checked. In addition, an anteiso-branched fatty acid, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid, was also present as a minor component(0.9 mol%). The triacylglycerols were separated into 17 fractions by reverse-phase HPLC, and the fractionation was achieved according to the partition numnber(PN) in which a ${\Delta}^5$-non methylene interrupted double bond($^5$-NMDB) showed different behaviour from a methylene interrupted double bond in a molecule with a given cahinlength. Silver-ion HPLC exhibited excellent resolution in which fractions(23 fractions) were resolved on the basis of the number and configuration of double bonds. In this instance, the strength of interaction of a ${\Delta}^5$-NMDB system with silver ions seemed to be weaker than a methylene interrupted double bond system. The principal triacylglycerol species are as follows ; $(C_{18:2{\omega}6)2}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}7)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:2}{\Delta}^{5,5}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}7)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ and $(C_{18:1{\omega}9)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, while simple triacylglycerols without $C_{18:2{\omega}6})_3$ were not present. Stereospecific analysis showed that fatty acids with ${\Delta}^5$-NMDB system and saturated chains were predominantly located at the site of sn-3 carbon of glycerol backbones. It is evident that there is asymmetry in the distribution of fatty acids in the TG molecules of Ginkgo nut oils.