• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 1993

Sugar spheres loaded with melatonin (MT) were coated with $Aquacoat^{\circledR}$ to control the release rate of MT over 8 hours. A zero-order release pattern over 8 hours was obtained with 20% coating on 8-10 mesh beads in USP basket dissolution studies. MT in 20% coated beads was quite stable at room temperature with less than 5% MT degraded during 6 months' storage. Dissolution profiles were also unchanged after 6 months. An oral preparation containing MT-loaded uncoated beads for immediate release and 20% coated beads with $Aquacoat^{\circledR}$ for controlled release over 8 hours was evaluated in six human subjects. When total 0.5 mg MT as low dose (immediate release portion of MT, 0.1 mg) was administered to four subjects, average peak plasma MT concentration was reached at about 600 pg/ml and maintained at about 10 pg/ml over 8 hours. Plasma MT concentration-time profiles were similar in shape to computer-simulated profiles. However, maximal plasma MT concentrations were three times greater compared to computer simulated curve. These results suggest that MT dose, ratio of immediate and controlled release MT, and pharmacokinetic parameters selected are adjusted to mimic endogenous MT concentration-time curve. In another study, 0.2 mg MT having 10% of immediate release portion and 80% controlled release portion produced plasma MT concentration-time curve which is more similar to endogenous profiles. A low bioavailability (<20%) may result from extensive first pass metabolism and remaining amounts of MT from controlled beads. A good correlation between plasma MT concentration and urinary excretion rate of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-STMT), a major metabolite of MT was observed. As plasma MT concentration increased, urinary excretion rate of 6-STMT increased concomitantly. The linear relation between plasma MT and urinary excretion rate of 6-STMT was statistically significant. This result suggests that urinary 6-STMT may be used as an index of circadian rhythms of MT in humans.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.367-384
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• 2018

The consideration of constructability issues at the design stage can lead to improved construction performance with smooth project delivery and savings in time and money. Empirical studies demonstrate the value obtained by integrating construction knowledge with the building design process, and its benefits for owners, contractors and designers. However, it is still a challenge to implement the concept into current design practice. There is a need for a decision support tool to aid designers in reviewing their design constructability, deploying current technological tools, such as BIM. Such tools are beneficial at the conceptual design stage when there is a room to improve the design significantly with less incurred cost. This research investigates how current process- and object-oriented models can be used to assess design constructability. It proposes a BIM-based model using embedded information within the design environment to conduct the assessment. The modelling framework is demonstrated in four key parts; namely, the conceptual design model, the constructability assessment model, the assessment process model and the decision-making phase. Each is associated with a set of components and functions that contribute towards the targeted constructability assessment outcomes. The proposed framework is the first to combine a numerical assessment system and a rule-based system, allowing for both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The modelling framework and its implementation through a prototype are described in this paper. It is believed that this framework is the first to enable users to transfer their construction knowledge and experience directly into a design platform linked to BIM models. The assessment criteria can be customised by the users who can reflect their own constructability preferences into various specialised profiles that can be added to the constructability assessment model. It also allows for the integration of the assessment process with the design phase, facilitating the optimisation of constructability performance from the early design stage.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.277-286
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• 1999

Pain is a complex perceptual experience that is profoundly influenced by a number of variables, differing in quality as well as in intensity. Therefore we need to understand the actual experience of multiparous women in order to provide basic information for nursing care. The purpose of the study is to explore the experience of labor pain. The data are collected through in-depth interviews of 17 multiparous women in city of Pusan from October 1998 to March 1999. The interviews were conducted 1-2 days after delivery in the admission room. Each interview lasted about 45 minutes on average. Subjects were interviewed one at a time. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the subject. Data were analyzed by means of Giorgi's Phenomenological analysis methods and categorized according to the similarities of its contents. The investigator read the data repeatedly to identify themes and categories. Six categories that were identified were : 1) pain 2) regret 3) acceptance 4) maturity 5) accomplishment 6) newness. Under these categories there were seventeen themes. I. Pain: 1) too dependent on others 2) too painful 3) fear or anxiety from previous painful experience 4) avoidance of pain 5) couldn't control the pain II. Regret : 1) spouse's absence 2) unprofessional attitude of the staff 3) ignorance of other's towards their pain III. Acceptance : 1) took the pain for granted 2) accepted the pain as fate 3) endured the pain IV. Maturity : 1) appreciated the value of life 2) apprehension of parent V. Accomplishment : 1)is over sense of accomplishment 2) grateful the pain VI. Newness : 1) experienced a new feeling 2) quickly forgot the pain. The results of the study will provide basic data for labor pain management.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.389-406
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the safety level of non-cooking and cooking processed foods to propose the sanitary management of foods donated to foodbanks. The time and temperature were measured and the microbial levels of aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, B. cereus, and E. coli O157:H7 were analyzed on ten food items donated to seven foodbanks. The amount of cooked foods donated to each foodbank was about 10 to 40 servings. All foodbanks hired a supervisor and had at least one refrigerator/freezer and one temperature-controlled vehicle, but only four foodbanks had the separate offices to manage the foodbank operation. The flow of donated foods was gone through the steps; production, meal service and holding at donator, collection by foodbank, transport (or holding after transport) and distribution to recipients. After production, the levels of APC of both non-cooking and cooking processed foods were complied with the standards by Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, and were not increased till distribution. Only the level of coliforms in dried squid & cucumber salad (1.5×$10^3$ CFU/g) was not met the standards. E. coli and other pathogens were not detected in all tested samples. The microbial levels of delivery vessels and work tables were satisfactory, but the APC levels of two of four tested serving tables (6.9×$10^3$ and 5.3×$10^3$ CFU/100$cm^2$) and the coliforms level of one (1.1×$10^3$ CFU/100$cm^2$) were over the standards. The air-borne microflora level in serving room was estimated as satisfactory. It took about 3.0 to 6.5 hours from after-production to distribution and the temperatures of donated foods were exposed mostly to temperature danger zone, which had a high potential of microbial growth. These results imply that a checklist to monitor time and temperature in each step should be provided and the employees involving foodbank operation should be properly educated to ensure the safety of donated foods.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.557-567
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to defined mothers perception of their infants when the babies were high - risk babies, and to describe the feelings and responses of the mothers following on the birth of high - risk babies and on their hospitalization. The subjects of the study were 30 mothers of high-risk infants at D and M Hospital of E University. Data were collected between August 1993 and June 1994. Using the Neonatal Perception Inventory(NPI ) devised by Broussard to determine the perception of mothers and an open-ended, semi-structured interview which was conducted in the nursery room within 24 to 72 hours after delivery And NPI tested 1 month after the babies were discharged from the NICU also. Data were analyzed using SAS and content analy-sis. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. The mothers tended to perceive their infants positively, regardless of the condition of the infant. Mothers who perceived their infant negatively were slightly increased at 1 month after the babies were discharged from the NICU, but the difference was not statistically significant. 2. Mothers reported that they thought that the newborn can see and hear well, and also they can ex-press themselves. 3. There were many types of response noted such as anxiety, fear, helplessness, pity, resentment, guilt, resignation, hope, relief, appreciation, and feelings of being able to overcome the situation. These were differentiated into positive and negative responses. The finding of positive responses being expressed by mother of high -risk infants while their infants were in NICU was a unique finding especially, appreciation and feelings of being able overcome the situation. The results suggest the need for replication studies and for research on nursing interventions directed at improving the quality of life of high-risk infants and their mother.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.79-92
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the trends of jjok-bang research based on the perspective of Community-Based Participatory Research and Social Ecological Model and to provide information for future public health interventions, policy designs, and policy implementations. Methods: Studies used in the systematic review are published from 1999 to 2014 and searched using key words such as 'jjok-bang' and 'single room occupancy' using domestic and international electronic databases. However, there were no studies from abroad published during this period. Search in domestic databases such as KCI, KISS, RISS generated 119 studies. In this paper, 20 cases which meet the criteria of the systematic review were included in the final analysis. Results: The contents of research included are the life of jjok-bang inhabitants(9 cases), the demand for welfare services(4 cases) and welfare need(2 cases), mental health(1 cases), and the history of jjok-bang formation(4 cases). Fourteen cases of empirical study were analyzed focusing Community-Based Participatory Research and Social Ecological Model. Some of research was carried out forming a partnership with various community partners and this trend increased since 2008. There are high frequency of intrapersonal level and interpersonal level studies. However, studies looking at the organization, community or policy level were relatively few. Conclusions: Future studies of jjok-bang area should consider the various social determinants which affect the health delivery system, community organization and policies, as well as individual or community level.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the developed dose verification program for in vivo dosimetry based on transit dose in radiotherapy. Five intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans of lung cancer patients were used in the irradiation of a homogeneous solid water phantom and anthropomorphic phantom. Transit dose distribution was measured using electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and used for the calculation of in vivo dose in patient. The average passing rate compared with treatment planning system based on a gamma index with a 3% dose and a 3 mm distance-to-dose agreement tolerance limit was 95% for the in vivo dose with the homogeneous phantom, but was reduced to 81.8% for the in vivo dose with the anthropomorphic phantom. This feasibility study suggested that transit dose-based in vivo dosimetry can provide information about the actual dose delivery to patients in the treatment room.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.203-216
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• 1998

Pain is commonly characterized as a multi-dimensional experience, varing in quality as well as in intensity. So, We need to understand the lived experience of primiparous women in order to provide basic information of nursing care. Therefore, The purpose of the study is to explore the construction of labor pain experience. The data are collected through in-depth interviews of 20 primiparous women in Pusan city from March 1998 to May 1998. Their labor pain experiences conducted 1-2 days after delivery at admission room. Each interview lasted about 25 minutes average. I have interviews one time with each subject. The record was taken with the consent of the subject. Data were analyzed by means of Giorgi's phenomenological analysis methods and categorized according to the similarities of its contents. The investigator read the data repeatedly to identify and categorized themes and main meaning. Eleven themes of labor pain as experienced by these subjects were : 1) fear 2) suffering 3) evasion of pain 4) will power about overcome 5) support need 6) apprehension of parent 7) producing confidence 8) obtain his roles 9) attributing the cause of labor pain to others 10) not feeling of touching 11) ambivalence. Five main meaning identified were : 1) fear 2) evading and confrontation 3) the maturity of personality 4) unreality 5) ambivalence. The significes of this study for nursing are : 1) It enables nurses and other health care providers understand more clearly the lived experience of labor pain. 2) It provides that the way of more effective pain management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.61-77
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• 1991

This study was carried out from April 11 to May 10 1990, in order to evaluate the effect of health education by school nurses on the regular schedule of 6 hours per week from 1987, and to compare with the result of the same study performed in 1987. The data were collected by questionnaire from 589 primary school students, 425 middle school students, and 888 high school students, total 1,902 students, and 208 primary school teachers, 169 middle school teachers, and 539 high school teachers, total 916 teachers in Seoul. Analysis of data was done utilizing SPSS-X program for percentage, frequency and Chi-square test. The major results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. The demand of health education was higher in high school students(p<0.01), but not in other students and teachers than in 1987(p>0.01). 2. The satisfaction to health education was higher in middle school and high school students, and high school teachers(p<0.01), but not in other students and teachers than in 1987(p>0.01). 3. The concern about school health events was higher in primary school and high school students than in 1987(p<0.01), but not in middle school students and every school teachers than in 1987(p>0.01). 4. The practice of knowledge obtained from health education was more in every school students than in 1987(p<0.01). 5. The delivery of knowledge obtained from health education to family was higher in primary school students, but lower in high school students than in 1987(p<0.01). 6. The concern about school nursing room was higher in primary school students(p<0.01), but not in other students(p>0.01). 7. The interest pattern of students about health was revealed to be changed compared with the data obtained in 1987 : the most interested part was family health and sex. The school level was statistically significant(p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.353-362
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to suggest a professional consensus on the topics that should be dealt with importantly in the movement program for the recovery of cancer patients in Korea. As a result of calculating the importance of the finalized movement program component, First, the opinions about the environment for the promotion of movement were suggested as pleasant facilities, natural lighting, rest room space, facilities aspect of environment friendly space, education about diseases, participation programs, health feedback, information handouts. Second, the opinions on the purpose of the movement program were suggested to promote prevention and early screening of cancer, education, sharing effective treatment methods of cancer patients, cognitive aspect and psychological support for accurate information transmission, stress relief, and improvement of quality of life. Third, the opinions on the consideration of the movement program suggested stress relieving, cancer patient's needs, correct information delivery, quality of life, and participation of cancer patients. Fourth, the problems of the movement program were presented with different physical characteristics, physical inconvenience, the patient side of passive participation, space narrowness and lack, space aspect of program exclusive space etc.