• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1998

Since the first description by Cotton, there have been sporadic reports about the inferior subluxation of the shoulder. Nevertheless there is still a lack of consensus regarding the mechanism of occurrence, evolution and treatment. We have experienced six cases of inferior sublusation(five cases after trauma and one case after surgery) which resolved over time. Analysis of the clinical informations including serial radiographs, data from clinical examination and electromyography(EMG) revealed the following results. All the five post-traumatic inferior subluxations were noted in women with an average age of 59 years after direct trauma resulting in fracture of the proxiaml hrnerus(4) or clavicle(1), of which nerve injury was proven by EMG in three. One case occurred after Bankart repair by stretch injury to the axillary nerve. The presenting symptom was unusually severe pain on passive motion. Absence of anterior or posterior displacement wasl confirmed by radiographs. All the cases seemed to have delayed onset of subluxation except one. The subluxed hu.meral head was concentrically reduced at an average 11 weeks(range 3-23 weeks) from the supposed time of occurrence and the acromiohumeral interval measUred on the standing anteroposterior radiographs decreased to 9.4 mm ftom 23 mm. Improvement of pain paralled the reduction. In conclusion, the most common cause of transient inferior subluxation was nerve injury in ou~ series and the prognosis was excellent, however protraction of recovery or leaving permanent subluxation would be possible if .the injured nerve is unrecoverable.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 1998

Treatment of esophageal perforation when diagnosed late remains controversial. Ten consecutive patients since 1990 were treated late(later than 24 hours) for esophageal perforation with primary repair. Four perforations were iatrogenic, 3 were spontaneous, 2 were foreign body aspiraton and 1 was trauma. The interval from perforation to operation was 116 hours in mean and 48 hours in median value. The principles of repair included (1) a local esophagomyotomy proximal and distal to the tear to expose the mucosal defect and intact mucosa beyond, (2) debridement of the mucosal defect and closure, (3) reapproximation of the muscle, and (4) adequate drainage. The repair was buttressed with parietal pleura or pericardial fat in 9 patients. Associated distal obstruction was treated with dilation and esophagomyotomy intraoperatively. There was one mortality and cause of death was massive gastric bleeding due to gastric ulcer on 33rd day after operation. Five patients had leak at the site of repair and these cases were treated completely with conservative treatment except a mortality case. In conclusion, in the absence of malignant or irreversible distal obstruction, meticulous repair of perforated esophagus and adequate drainage are preferred approach, regardless of the duration from the injury to the operation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 1984

To study the effects of planting dates and mulching on the growth and yield of summer type soybean, a variety, Damamidori introduced from Japan, was planted four times from April 13 with 10 days interval. Experimental plot in each planting date was devided into two sub-plots, polyethylene film mulching and non-mulching. By mulching, days to emergence and first flowering were shortened, especially in the early plantings; e.g. as much as 11 and 12 days, respectively, in the first planting. Compared to non-mulching, plant height, number of nodes of main stem, number of branches, and dry weight of stem and branches per unit area were also much increased by mulching. As the plantings were delayed, plant height, the total number of nodes and dry weight of main stem and branches, and 100 seed weight showed increasing trends, which were mainly due to lower infection rate of soybean seeds to pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum) in the later plantings. The higher infection rate of soybean seeds to pod and stem blight, the lower infection rate to purple seed stain (Cercospora kikuchii) was shown in mulching but not in non-mulching.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-21
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• 2001

The influence of electroacupuncture (EA), a traditional Chinese medical treatment, on type Ⅱ collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was examined in DBA/1J mice in vivo. Mice were immunized intradermally twice at the 3-week interval with bovine type Ⅱ collagen(C Ⅱ). EA stimulation, begun on the 21 simultaneously with the second immunization, was applied at the acupoint equivalent to GV4 three times a week for 3 weeks. The results showed that EA delayed the onset, attenuated the severity of arthritis, and reduced the anti-collagen antibody level. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of EA on the productions of endogenous $interleukin-1{\Beta}$ (IL-1 beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the levels of IL-1 beta mRNA in splenocytes and synovial tissues from C Ⅱ immunized mice on the 45 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages of normal mice by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EA stimulation significant inhibited the concentrations of splenic endogenous IL-1 beta and serum PGE2. The expression of IL-1 beta mRNA in spleen cells was obviously down-regulated and that in synovial tissues was modestly affected by EA. COX-2 mRNA was highly expressed in cultured peritoneal macrophages when stimulated with LPS. Previous treatment with EA also reduced LPS-stimulated induction of COX-2 mRNA. These data suggest that EA has an inhibitory effect on murine CIA, and the partial mechanism of its therapeutic result may be attributed to inhibiting the productions of IL-1 beta and PGE2 by suppression the IL-1 beta and COX-2 gene activations.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.161-167
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• 2010

In this study, we implemented an experimental approach of ecological model development in order to emphasize the importance of input variable selection with respect to time-delayed arrangement between input and output variables. Time-series modeling requires relevant input variable selection for the prediction of a specific output variable (e.g. density of a species). Inadequate variable utility for input often causes increase of model construction time and low efficiency of developed model when applied to real world representation. Therefore, for future prediction, researchers have to decide number of time-delay (e.g. months, weeks or days; t-n) to predict a certain phenomenon at current time t. We prepared a total of 3,900 equation models produced by Time-Series Optimized Genetic Programming (TSOGP) algorithm, for the prediction of monthly averaged density of a potamic phytoplankton species Stephanodiscus hantzschii, considering future prediction from 0- (no future prediction) to 12-months ahead (interval by 1 month; 300 equations per each month-delay). From the investigation of model structure, input variable selectivity was obviously affected by the time-delay arrangement, and the model predictability was related with the type of input variables. From the results, we can conclude that, although Machine Learning (ML) algorithms which have popularly been used in Ecological Informatics (EI) provide high performance in future prediction of ecological entities, the efficiency of models would be lowered unless relevant input variables are selectively used.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

Children who underwent reparative operations for esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), are confronted with many gastrointestinal or respiratory problems, especially during the early years of life. We reviewed the medical records of 50 patients who underwent repairs of EA with or without TEF at the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, from December 1994 to December 2005. Current status of children was accessed by telephone-interview, but only 27 of them were accessible. Of 50 patients, 3 patients (6 %) were type A, 45 patients (90 %) were type C, and 2 patients (4 %) were type E. The mean interval between primary operation and interview was 5.5 years. The incidences of growth retardation (<10 percentile of height/weight) were 39 % and 21 % during the first 5 years after repairs, respectively. The incidences of dysphagia or gastroesophageal reflux and recurrent respiratory infections were 33 % and 39 %, respectively. However, these problems were likely to improve as the children grew. The incidences of growth retardations (<10 percentile of height/weight) were 11 % and 11 % for the children more than five years postoperative. The incidences of dysphagia or gastroesophageal reflux and recurrent respiratory infections were 22 % and 22 %, respectively. Children with EA with or without TEF are faced with many obstacles. Close observation and adequate treatment for delayed postoperative complications are necessary to improve the quality of life for these children.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.559-564
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of dacryoscintigraphy with Tc-99 m Pertechnetate, which is useful in functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction diagnosis in human medical science, by applying it to normal dogs. Dacryoscintigraphy was performed on six clinically healthy beagle dogs to confirm normal passage of their lacrimal ducts. The scintigraphic images of both lacrimal system were obtained at 5 min, 10 min, and 20 min after Tc-99 m Pertechnetate administration, respectively. If lacrimal duct does not come into view within 20 min, delayed images at 30min, 45min and 60 min were gained. After drawing ROI of left and right canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct acquired after dacryoscintigraphy, we measured each counting rate and developed a counting rate table for each time interval. Of the total of 12 places, 10 (83.3%) showed patency within 20 min, and 11 (91.6%) showed patency within 30 min. In one dog, a functional obstruction of right lacrimal canal was observed. Dacryoscintigraphy could provide useful information about functional and anatomical lacrimal duct obstruction in veterinary medicine as well as in clinical research.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2002

Background: The possibility that G-CSF recruits leukemic cells from the G0 to S phase, which may lead to a greater susceptibility to cytotoxic drugs, such as ara-C, has been presented in Harada's study. Methods: In this study, we referred to the protocol of Harada et al 1 to try G-CSF combined marrow-ablative chemotherapy and autologous PBSCT, for the treatment of AML patients in CR1 status. Between January 1997 and March 1998, six AML patients (3: children, 3: adults) in CR1 status were autografted and followed up to 3 years. Results: The major regimen related toxicity was composed of mucositis and diarrhea without death. The time of ANC recovery to 500/L and 1,000/L was 11~48 and 16~81 days, respectively. The mean time of platelet recovery to 20,000/L and 50,000/L was 21~233 and 35~370 days, respectively. The platelet recovery time to 50,000/L was markedly prolonged for more than 100 days in four patients (66.7%). Moreover, four patients (66.7%) experienced a relapse of leukemia after transplantation, with a mean interval of 147.5 days after PBSCT. Two patients were in CR status for 53 and 51 months after PBSCT, respectively. Conclusion: The G-CSF combined marrow-ablative chemotherapy and autologous PBSCT resulted in a markedly delayed platelet recovery and no advantages for decreasing the relapse rate of AML. But, further studies will be warranted.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.431-434
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• 2005

Objective : Subarachnoid hemorrhage[SAH] is commonly associated with polyuria [solute diuresis or water diuresis]. The authors investigate the incidence and clinical characteristics of polyuria with special reference to the administration of osmotic diuretics. Methods : One hundred and forty eight patients with high urine output [>200ml/hr] after ruptured cerebral aneurysm operated early from Jan 1998 to Jun 2003 were selected. Water diuresis [diabetes insipidus, DI] was differentiated from solute diuresis by lower urine specific gravity [<1.005] and higher plasma osmolality. The incidence and mode of onset of polyuria were compared between two types of diuresis. Additionally, the relationships between development of polyuria and clinical features including aneurysm location, clinical grade, Fisher grade, and outcome were analyzed. Osmotic diuretics were not routinely used in patients with Hunt-Hess grade I-III since July 2001. Results : Annual incidence of polyuria decreased markedly since July 2001 : 45.2% in 1998, 34.5% in 2001, 11.9% in 2003. Postoperative DI occurred in $2.4{\sim}11.1%$. DI developed mainly from ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The mean interval between the last SAH and the onset of DI was 7.1 days [range $1{\sim}27$ days] and lasted mean 4.6 days. When compared with solute diuresis, the development of DI was significantly delayed. Other clinical features were not closely related to polyuria. Conclusion : Uncontrolled polyuria may lead to cerebral ischemia and electrolyte imbalance because SAH patients are already predisposed to hypovolemia, and will risk precipitating the opposite situation with overhydration. We can decrease the development of polyuria without routine use of osmotic diuretics, by avoiding the increased intracranial pressure such as the intraoperative ventriculostomy and gentle brain retraction in good grade patients.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2018

Background: A very low protein diet (VLPD) with ketoacid analogs of essential amino acids (KA/EAA) administration can remarkably influence protein synthesis and metabolic disturbances of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may also slow the decline in renal function. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out to monitor renal progression and metabolic and nutritional status among 140 patients with CKD stage III or IV. One group (n = 70) was on a low protein diet (LPD) with 0.6 g of protein intake, and another group (n = 70) was on a VLPD with 0.3 g of protein and KA/EAA supplementation of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 months. Results: At 12-month follow-up, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly decreased from $41.6{\pm}10.2$ to $36.4{\pm}8.8mL/min/1.73m^2$ (P < 0.001) and urine protein increased from $0.6{\pm}0.5$ to $0.9{\pm}1.1g/day$ (P = 0.017) in the LPD group, but no significant changes in estimated GFR and urine protein were found in the VLPD plus KA/EAA group. A significant mean difference in rate of change in estimated GFR ($-5.2{\pm}3.6mL/min/1.73m^2$ per year; P < 0.001) was observed between the two groups. After Cox regression analysis, treatment with VLPD plus KA/EAA significantly protected against the incidence of declining GFR > 10% annually (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.79; P = 0.006) and significant correlations were found between using VLPD plus KA/EEA and increased GFR. Conclusion: VLPD supplementation with KA/EAA is associated with delayed renal progression while preserving the nutritional status in the patients with CKD. Co-administration of VLPD and KA/EAA may prove an effective alternative to conservative management of CKD.