• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.53-55
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• 2014

The shade avoidance syndrome is a morphological and physiological response when plants are exposed to shade. Recent work in Arabidopsis had begun to define the molecular components of the shade avoidance syndrome in dicotyledonous model plant. However, little is known about the shade avoidance response networks in agriculturally important monocotyledon crops such as rice. Here, we found that the degree of bending at the lamina joint is inversely proportional to the R:FR ratio. To elucidate which phytochrome is involved in this response, we did lamina joint inclination assay with the rice phytochrome-deficient mutants (osphyA, osphyB, and osphyC) and the wild type plants. Whereas the osphyA and osphyC knockout mutants bent at the lamina joint in the far-red rich condition as the wild type plants, the osphyB knockout mutants no longer bent at the lamina joint in the far-red rich condition. These results suggest that PHYB acts as a sole photoreceptor in the lamina joint inclination response in rice.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to select the native shade tolerance plant which grows well from landscape objective of the urban. Seven species native ground cover plants were evaluated on the growth and chloropyll under 0, 40, 60, 90% shading treatments. Hosta longipes was showed the quite good growth from 60% level of natural light. The plant growth of Liriope platyphylla was good within $144.2{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ intensity which is 90% shade level of natural light. But, Dryiopteris crassirhizoma was judged with shade tolerance plant which grow quite well from shading condition level of 60% degree. Carex siderosticea was showed the highest plant length and plant width in 40% shading of natural light more than at conditon too much shading. Hosta longipes, Liriope platyphylla, Dryiopteris crassirhizoma, and Carex siderosticea were as shade tolerance plant with increases chlorophyll content well to overcome a light restrictive condition and is adapted to seem with the result.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.613-621
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• 2011

Plastic house and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of substrate components and shade degrees on plant growth and physiologically-active substance content and antioxidant activity of Panax ginseng. No significant difference in growth characteristics among substrates was observed. However, shade treatment also significantly reduced leaf area, chlorophyll content, root length, and shoot and root fresh weight (P<0.05) with increasing of the degree. Total phenolics level [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was higher in root parts (25.8 to 28.4 mg $kg^{-1}$) than shoot parts (20.7 to 23.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) of Panax ginseng, and with shade (23.7 to 28.4 mg $kg^{-1}$) than without shade (20.7 to 25.8 mg $kg^{-1}$). However, total flavonoids [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] was more detected in the shoot part (17.4 to 26.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) than in the root part (6.7 to 7.0 mg $kg^{-1}$) of Panax ginseng. Methanol extracts from the Panax ginseng plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity as a antioxidant potential, and the activity was higher in shoot parts (31.1 to 36.5%) than in root parts (24.9 to 28.7%), and without shade than with shade. In conclusion, shade affects plant growth as well as physiological activity of Panax ginseng under plastic house condition.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 1998

In this paper, deying properties and colorfastness of ramie, flax, and cotton fabrics for direct dyes were compared. When dyed in a same dyeing bath ratio, in case of green dyes, colorfastness to light was similar for three fabrics but in case of red dyes, cotton had a lower level. For colorfastness to laundering, three fabrics were similar and there were no consistent differences. The degree of stain about white fabric cotton was highest in case of red dyes. The degree of stain about white fabric wool showed the high resistance of stain and little stain was seen. This result represented that the used dyes were proper direct dyes for cellulosic fibers. For the difference of shade, the cotton was cosistently brighter and the shade of ramie was darker than of cotton and flax. This might mean that optical effects arouse from the comparatively large cross-sectional size of the ramie fiber and its highly ordered structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.18
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• pp.283-289
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• 1992

In this paper, dyeing properties and colorfastness of ramie, flax, and cotton fabrics for direct dyes were compared. When dyed in a same liquor-goods ratio, in case of green dyes, colorfastness to light was similar for three fibers but in case of red dyes, cotton had a lower level. For colorfastness to laundering, there fibers were similar and three were no consistent differences. The degree of stain about white cotton fabric was higher in case of red dyes and it showed the difference of dye's properties. The degree of stain about white wool fabric showed the highs resistance or stain and little stain was seen. This result represented that the dyes. used were proper direct dyes for cellulosic fibers. For the difference of shade, the cotton was consistently brighter and the shade of ramie was darker than that of cotton and flax. This might mean that optical effects arose from the comparatively large cross-sectional size of the ramie fiber and its highly oriented structure.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to predict vertical illuminance accurately at the design stage of a building without the help of simulation tools. Comparing two well-known vertical illuminance prediction algorithms with measured values, it is verified that the Igawa model is more consistent with the measured values than the Perez model. Using the DIVA program, we simulated the vertical illuminance at 30-degree intervals from south to north, compared with the vertical illuminance calculated with the Igawa model. The result of calculation values were verified from 120 degrees east to 120 degrees west. The vertical illuminance values with each of three shade devices were calculated using the Igawa model, and compared with the vertical illuminance simulated by DIVA program. As a result, all the errors when installing horizontal / vertical / grid shade divices were included in the error standard specified by ASHRAE.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.416-423
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• 2009

Statement of problem: The degree of light attenuation at the time of cementation of the PLV restoration depends on characteristics such as thickness, opacity and shade of the restorations, which interfere with light transmittance and, as a result, may decrease the total energy reaching the luting cement. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of conversion of light-cured resin cements measuring by FT-IR in regard to different thickness, light devices and curing time. Material and methods: In the control group, a clear slide glass (1.0 mm) was positioned between the light cured resin cement and light source. The specimens of ceramics were made with IPS Empress Esthetic. The ceramics were fabricated with varying thicknesses-0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm with shade ETC1. Rely $X^{TM}$ Veneer with shade A3, light-cured resin cement, was used. Light-activation was conducted through the ceramic using a quartz tungsten halogen curing unit, a light emitting diode curing unit and a plasma arc curing unit. The degree of conversion of the light-cured resin cement was evaluated using FT-IR and OMNIC. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test were used for statistical analysis ($\alpha$< .05). Results: The degree of conversion (DC) of photopolymerization using QTH and LED was higher than results of using PAC in the control group. After polymerization using QTH and LED, the DC results from the different ceramic thickness- 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm- did not show a significant difference when compared with those of control group. However, the DC for polymerization using PAC in the 1.5mm ceramic group showed significantly lower DC than those of the control group and 0.5 mm ceramic group (P<.05). At 80s and 160s, the DC of light-cured resin cement beneath 1.0 mm ceramic using LED was significantly higher than at 20s (P<.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, when adhering PLV to porcelain with a thickness between 0.5-1.5 mm, the use of PAC curing units were not considered however, light cured resin cements were effective when cured for over 40 seconds with QTH or LED curing units. Also, when curing the light cured resin cements with LED, the degree of polymerization was not proportional with the curing time. Curing exceeding a certain curing time, did not significantly affect the degree of polymerization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 1986

The vegetation structure in the Hoo - Won, Changduk Palace in Seoul was analysed on 10 sites sampled for understanding structure of natural vegetation. The main vegetational survey was conducted during July, 1985 and actual vegetaion and degree of natural vegetaion types were surveyed additionally. The result summarized of this research are as follows. 1) The physical - chemical conditions of soil showed middle class. This might be derived by short succession period from Pine forest to decidious broadleaf forest and artificial impact by human intervention. 2) When considering dominance species by crown story, Quercus aliena was a dominant species over all site and Castanea crenata, Prunus sargentii and Quercus variabilis appeared as a dominant species locally at upper story. Styrax story and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax japonica, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza spp. at lower story. 3) The distances kept by trees per crown story are as follows. The mean distances between trees were 4.5-5.5m at upper story, 2.8-3.3m at middle story. On the other hand, the mean distances between dominant species were 6-8m at upper story, 5-9m at middle story. 4) The vegetation in this area was not developed yet into dominant species community according to the similarity analysis. The natural vegetation was dominated by Quercus spp. especially Quercus aliena according to the analysis of species diversity, relative dominance by story and DBH class. On the orther hand, succession to climax stage dominated by shade tolerent species will take a long time due to little appearance of shade tolerence species by previous heavy artificial impacts on understory species. 5) Quercus forest took possesion of 71.3%(27.37ha) of total forest area when considering the actual vegetation and especially Quercus aliena community covered 53.2%(15.21ha). Carpinus laxiflora community, one of the climax species in temperate zone, took possesion of 1.0%(0.3ha) and Pine densiflora was almost disappeared due to species competition. 6) According to the degree of natural vegetation types, the possession of degree of 6-9 was 60.6% and degree of 7-8, substitute vegetation, was 15.5%. The possesion of degree of 9 which consists of over 50 years old trees simliar to natural vegetaion was the highest, 43.1% in this area. Therefore continuous protection in this area of degree of 9 should be recommended.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 1985

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1988

To examine the effects of light intensity on photosynthesis, corn and sorghum species were grown under shade cloths, which reduced light intensity by 25,50 and 75%. Photosynthetic rates were measured between 10 a.m. to noon on a clear day in early and mid - summer. 1. The degree of shading had a little effect on microenvironment. Air, soil and leaf temperatures were reduced as shade increased. 2. The degree of shading in early summer had relatively a little effect on photosynthesis of corn. However, the rates of photosynthesis in mid-summer decreased by 36%, 55% with relative light intensities of 50% and 25%, respectively. 3. The rate of photosynthesis was highly correlated with light intensity. The rates of photosynthesis with relative light intensities of 75,50 and 25% were decreased by 20, 40 and 5 4% in early summer, and by 17-53%, 36-64% and 5570% in mid-summer, respectively. 4. The 75% of light intensity had relatively little effect on dry matter yield of corn and sorghum species, however dry matter yield with 50 and 25% relative light intensities was decreased 17 and 36% in corn, 13-3 1 and 50-68% in sorghum species, respectively.