• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.768-773
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• 2005

A new approach for human foot modelling and last design based on the cross sectional method is presented in this paper. The proposed last design method utilizes the dynamic trimmed parametric patches for the foot 3D data and last 3D data. The cross section a surface of 3D foot for the 3D last, design modeling of free form geometric last shapes. The proposed last design scheme wraps the 3D last data surrounding the measured 3D foot data with the effect of deforming the last design rule The last design rule of the FFD is constructed on the FFD lattice based on foot-last shape analysis. In addition, the control points of FFD lattice are constructed with cross sectional data interpolation methods from the a finite set of 3D foot data. The deformed 3D last result obtained from the proposed FFD is saved as a 3D dxf foot data. The experimental results demonstrate that the last designed with the proposed scheme has good performance.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.2 s.233
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• pp.253-261
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• 2005

In decades, a substantial body of work on a unified viscoplastic model which considers the mechanism of plastic deformation and creep deformation has developed. The systematic scheme for numerical analysis of unified model is necessary because the dominant failure mechanism is the defect growth and coalescence in materials. In the present study, the unified viscoplastic model for materials with defects suggested by Suquet and Michel was employed for numerical analysis. The constitutive equations are integrated based on the generalized mid-point rule and implemented into a finite element program (ABAQUS) by means of user-defined subroutine (UMAT). To evaluate the validity of the developed UMAT code and the assessment of the adopted viscoplastic model, the results obtained from the UMAT code was compared with the numerical reference solution and experimental data. The unit cell analysis also has been investigated to study the effect of strain rate, temperature, stress triaxiality and initial defect volume fraction on the growth and coalescence of the defect.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.495-504
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• 2018

The current study is dedicated to study the thermal effects of wave propagation in beams, reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNT). Beams, made up of carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) are the future materials in various high tech industries. Herein a Winkler elastic foundation is assumed in order to make the model more realistic. Mostly, CNTs are pervaded in cross section of beam, in various models. So, it is tried to use four of the most profitable reconstructions. The homogenization of elastic and thermal properties such as density, Yong's module, Poisson's ratio and shear module of CNTRC beam, had been done by the demotic rule of mixture to homogenize, which gives appropriate traits in such settlements. To make this investigation, a perfect one, various shear deformation theories had been utilized to show the applicability of this theories, in contrast to their theoretical face. The reigning equation had been derived by extended Hamilton principle and the culminant equation solved analytically by scattering relations for propagation of wave in solid bodies. Results had been verified by preceding studies. It is anticipated that current results can be applicable in future studies.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.395-402
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• 2006

In analyzing the nano-scale phenomena or behaviors of nano devices or materials, it is often desirable to deal with more atoms than can be treated only with a full atomistic simulation. However, even now, it is advisable to apply the atomistic simulation to the narrow region where the deformation field changes rapidly but to apply the conventional continuum model to the region far from that region. This equivalent continuum model can be formulated by applying the Cauchy-Born rule to the exact atomistic potential as in the quasicontinuum method. To couple the atomistic model with the equivalent continuum model, continuum displacements are conformed to the molecular displacements at the discrete positions of the atoms within the bridging domain. To satisfy the coupling constraints, we apply the Lagrange multiplier method. The continuum model in the bridging model should be applied on the region where the deformation field changes gradually. Then we can make the nodal spacing in the continuum model be much larger than the atomic spacing. In the first step, we generate the atomic-resolution mesh with the nodal spacing equal to the atomic spacing, and then we eliminate the nodal degrees of freedom adaptively using the node deactivation techniques. We eliminate more DOFs as the regions are more far from the atomistic region. Computing time and computational resources can be greatly reduced by the present node deactivation technique in multi scale analysis.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2017

The objective of the present paper is to investigate the bending behavior with stretching effect of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) beams. The beams resting on the Pasternak elastic foundation, including a shear layer and Winkler spring, are considered. The single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are aligned and distributed in polymeric matrix with different patterns of reinforcement. The material properties of the CNTRC beams are estimated by using the rule of mixture. The significant feature of this model is that, in addition to including the shear deformation effect and stretching effect it deals with only 4 unknowns without including a shear correction factor. The single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are aligned and distributed in polymeric matrix with different patterns of reinforcement. The material properties of the CNTRC beams are assessed by employing the rule of mixture. The equilibrium equations have been obtained using the principle of virtual displacements. The mathematical models provided in this paper are numerically validated by comparison with some available results. New results of bending analyses of CNTRC beams based on the present theory with stretching effect is presented and discussed in details. the effects of different parameters of the beam on the bending responses of CNTRC beam are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.343-350
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• 2005

A constitutive model was implemented in ABAQUS code. The constitutive equation can model the behavior for overall range of strain level from small to large deformation, which is based on anisotropic hardening rule and total stress concept. The formulation includes (1) finite strain formulation on the basis of Jaumann rate, (2) implicit stress integration and (3) consistent tangent moduli. Therefore the mathematical background was established in order that large deformation analysis can be performed accurately and efficiently with the anisotropic constitutive model. In the large deformation analyses, geometric nonlinearity was considered and the result of analyses with the proposed model was compared with that of Mises model for the overall strain range behavior.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1992.03a
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• pp.177-200
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• 1992

A thermo-viscoplastic finite element program was developed to analyze the compression molding of SMC process. Deformation of the material was modelled by using the flow-rule. Heat balance during the process was coupled to the deformation. In the cure study, a kinetic model was adopted to describe the cure behavior. The numerical kinetic model was integrated with the thermo-viscoplastic numerical analysis by adding heat generation due to the chemical reaction of the workpiece in the heat transfer analysis. The integrated finite element program can simulate a whole sequential molding process including deformation, heat transfer, and chemical reaction. A practical SMC molding process with T-shaped substructure was simulated. The simulated results showed good agreements with experiments.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1379-1382
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• 2007

In this paper, we present a simplified analytic approach for the prediction of roll force to be applicable to the grooveless rolling. The approach is based on the deformation shape deduced from physical considerations and employs the assumption that the deformation homogeneously occurs in three directions. Strain and strain rate are calculated by the geometric relationships between those components and the prescribed deformation functions. Then, stress components are obtained from the Levy-Mises' flow rule. By integrating the stress components along the rolling direction, roll force are finally obtained. The prediction accuracy of the proposed model is examined through comparison with results obtained from the finite element analysis.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 1996

Arched openings are generally excavated in underground construction works. Since stress distribution around openings depends on geological structure in rock mass, any shape of arched openings fully conformed with in-situ stress condition should be recommended to maintain mechanical safety of structures. Shape of arched openings is specified by both roof curvature and height-width ratio, and especially this report presents deformation behaviors related with roof curvature. Scale model tests and numerical studies of various shaped openings are conducted, where rectangular opening shows the greatest convergence. Through the anlayses of various arched opengings, as radius of roof curvature is increased, roof lowering and sidewall closure are remarkably increased, whereas floor heaving is increased little by little. By the way, it is useful that displacements of openings are roughly estimated in the stage of preliminary investigation. To find out elastic displacements of arched openings with any roof curvature, regressional formula and charts by least square method are represented. In addition elastoplastic deformation behavoirs of arched openings concerning associated adn non-associated flow rule are discussed.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2022

The plastic deformation behavior of additively manufactured anisotropic structures are analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). Hill's quadratic anisotropic yield function is used, and a modified return-mapping method based on dual potential is presented. The plane stress biaxial loading condition is considered to investigate the number of iterations required for the convergence of the Newton-Raphson method during plastic deformation analysis. In this study, incompressible plastic deformation is considered, and the associated flow rule is assumed. The modified return-mapping method is implemented using the ABAQUS UMAT subroutine and effective in reducing the number of iterations in the Newton-Raphson method. The anisotropic tensile behavior is computed using the 3-dimensional FEM for two tensile specimens manufactured along orthogonal additive directions.