• Advances in biomechanics and applications
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.169-185
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• 2014

Computational multibody models of the elbow can provide a versatile tool to study joint mechanics, cartilage loading, ligament function and the effects of joint trauma and orthopaedic repair. An efficiently developed computational model can assist surgeons and other investigators in the design and evaluation of treatments for elbow injuries, and contribute to improvements in patient care. The purpose of this study was to develop an anatomically correct elbow joint model and validate the model against experimental data. The elbow model was constrained by multiple bundles of non-linear ligaments, three-dimensional deformable contacts between articulating geometries, and applied external loads. The developed anatomical computational models of the joint can then be incorporated into neuro-musculoskeletal models within a multibody framework. In the approach presented here, volume images of two cadaver elbows were generated by computed tomography (CT) and one elbow by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to construct the three-dimensional bone geometries for the model. The ligaments and triceps tendon were represented with non-linear spring-damper elements as a function of stiffness, ligament length and ligament zero-load length. Articular cartilage was represented as uniform thickness solids that allowed prediction of compliant contact forces. As a final step, the subject specific model was validated by comparing predicted kinematics and triceps tendon forces to experimentally obtained data of the identically loaded cadaver elbow. The maximum root mean square (RMS) error between the predicted and measured kinematics during the complete testing cycle was 4.9 mm medial-lateral translational of the radius relative to the humerus (for Specimen 2 in this study) and 5.30 internal-external rotation of the radius relative to the humerus (for Specimen 3 in this study). The maximum RMS error for triceps tendon force was 7.6 N (for Specimen 3).

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2011

본 논문은 열차의 타고오름 해석을 위한 새로운 2차원 다물체 동역학 모델링 방법을 제안하였다. 본 동역학 모델은 에너지 흡수구조/부품뿐만 아니라 차체의 변형도 고려하여 비선형 스프링, 댐퍼, 질량으로 구성되며 철도차량의 충돌에너지흡수량, 승객구간의 가속도, 연결 장치의 충격력, 차량간 타고오름 변위 등을 잘 예측할 수 있다. 제안된 방법으로 한국형고속열차를 차체 각 부분의 압괴 특성을 구하고 2차원 다물체 충돌동역학 모델을 구성하였다. 열차 대 열차 충돌 시나리오조건으로 2차원 동역학 모델을 시뮬레이션하고 3차원 가상시험 모델로 평가하였다. 그 결과 2차원 동역학 모델은 타고오름 거동을 잘 예측하였으며 차체변형을 고려한 모델링 기법이 타고오름 평가에 중요함을 확인하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2005

This paper is concerned with optimum design of a center-pillar assembly induced by the high-speed side impact of the vehicle. In order to simulate deformation behavior of the center-pillar assembly, simplified finite element model of the center-pillar and a moving deformable barrier are developed based on results of the crash analysis of a full vehicle model. In optimization of the deformation shape of the center-pillar, S-shaped deformation is targeted to guarantee reduction of the injury level of a driver dummy in the crash test. Tailor-welded blanks are adopted in the simplified center-pillar model to control the deformation shape of the center-pillar assembly. The thickness of each part which constitutes the simplified model is selected as a design parameter. The thickness of parts which have significant effect on the deformation mechanism are selected as design parameters with sensitivity analysis based on the design of experiment technique. The objective function is constructed so as to minimize the weight and lead to an S-mode deformation shape. The result shows that the simplified model can be utilized effectively for optimum design of the center-pillar members with remarkable saving of computing time.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2017

In this work we introduce a higher-order hyperbolic shear deformation model for bending and frees vibration analysis of functionally graded beams. In this theory and by making a further supposition, the axial displacement accounts for a refined hyperbolic distribution, and the transverse shear stress satisfies the traction-free boundary conditions on the beam boundary surfaces, so no need of any shear correction factors (SCFs). The material properties are continuously varied through the beam thickness by the power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. Based on the present refined hyperbolic shear deformation beam model, the governing equations of motion are obtained from the Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions for simply-supported beams are developed to solve the problem. To verify the precision and validity of the present theory some numerical results are compared with the existing ones in the literature and a good agreement is showed.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2003

This paper presents a rigid-plastic finite element method to handle the frictional contact problem between two deformable bodies experiencing large deformation. The variational formulation combined with incremental quasi-static model is employed for treating the contact boundary condition. The frictional behavior of the model obeys Coulomb's law of friction. The proposed contact algorithms are classified into two categories, one for searching contacting nodes and the other for calculating contact forces at the contact surface. A slave node and master contact segment are defined using the geometric condition of finite elements on the contact interface. The penalty parameter is used to limit the penetration between contacting bodies, and the finite elements are coupled with contact boundary elements.us gates and cavity thicknesses. Through this study we have observed that the jetting is related to the die swell of material. This means that the jotting is strongly affected by the elastic flow property rather than the viscous flow property in viscoelastic characteristics of molten polymer. Different resins have different elastic properties, and elastic flow behavior depends on the shear rate of flow, i.e. injection speed. Large die swell would eliminate jetting however, the retardation of die swell would stimulate jetting. In the point of mole design, reducing the thickness ratio of cavity to gate can reduce or eliminate jetting regardless of amount of elasticity of polymer melt.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.255-269
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• 2017

Free vibration analysis is presented for a simply-supported, functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) nanobeam embedded on elastic foundation in the framework of third order parabolic shear deformation beam theory. Effective electro-mechanical properties of FGP nanobeam are supposed to be variable throughout the thickness based on power-law model. To incorporate the small size effects into the local model, Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory is adopted. Analytical solution is implemented to solve the size-dependent buckling analysis of FGP nanobeams based upon a higher order shear deformation beam theory where coupled equations obtained using Hamilton's principle exist for such beams. Some numerical results for natural frequencies of the FGP nanobeams are prepared, which include the influences of elastic coefficients of foundation, electric voltage, material and geometrical parameters and mode number. This study is motivated by the absence of articles in the technical literature and provides beneficial results for accurate FGP structures design.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.536-545
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• 2011

Structural model of laminated composite plates based on the first order shear deformable plate theory and subjected to a combination of magnetic and thermal fields is developed. Coupled equations of motion are derived via Hamilton's principle on the basis of electromagnetic equations (Faraday, Ampere, Ohm, and Lorentz equations) and thermal ones which are involved in constitutive equations. In order to reveal the implications of a number of geometrical and physical features of the model, free vibration of a composite plate immersed in a transversal magnetic field and subjected to a temperature gradient is considered. Special coupling effects between the magnetic-thermal-elastic fields are revealed in this paper.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.267-280
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• 2021

The research presented in this paper deals with dynamic stability analysis of the graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) reinforced composite spinning disk. The presented small-scaled structure is simulated as a disk covered by viscoelastic substrate which is two-parametric. The centrifugal and Coriolis impacts due to the spinning are taken into account. The stresses and strains would be obtained using the first-order-shear-deformable-theory (FSDT). For Poisson ratio, as well as various amounts of mass densities, the mixture rule is employed, while a modified Halpin-Tsai model is inserted for achieving the elasticity module. The structure's boundary conditions (BCs) are obtained employing GPLs reinforced composite (GPLRC) spinning disk's governing equations applying principle of Hamilton which is based on minimum energy and ultimately have been solved employing numerical approach called generalized-differential quadrature-method (GDQM). Spinning disk's dynamic properties with different boundary conditions (BCs) are explained due to the curves drawn by Matlab software. Also, the simply-supported boundary conditions is applied to edges 𝜃=𝜋/2, and 𝜃=3𝜋/2, while, cantilever, respectively, is analyzed in R=R_i, and R₀. The final results reveal that the GPLs' weight fraction, viscoelastic substrate, various GPLs' pattern, and rotational velocity have a dramatic influence on the amplitude, and vibration behavior of a GPLRC rotating cantilevered disk. As an applicable result in related industries, the spinning velocity impact on the frequency is more effective in the higher radius ratio's amounts.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2012

철도차량의 집전성능 및 이선율에 대한 사전 평가는 철도차량의 고속화와 더불어 중요시되는 문제이다. 본 논문에서는 유연체 다물체 동역학 해석 기법을 이용하여 가선과 판토그래프 사이의 동적상호작용에 대한 시뮬레이션 모델을 개발하였다. 해석 모델에서 판토그래프는 강체로 모델링 하였으며, 가선계는 탄성 대변형체의 거동을 효과적으로 표현할 수 있는 절대절점좌표를 이용하여 구현하였다. 또한, 가선계와 판토그래프 간의 동적 상호작용의 표현을 위하여 서로간의 상대운동은 슬라이딩 조인트를 이용하여 구속하였다. 개발된 해석 프로그램을 이용하여 철도차량의 주행 속도에 따라 발생하는 접촉력 및 이선율을 평가하였다. 개발 프로그램의 해석 모델 및 시뮬레이션에 대한 신뢰성은 가선계와 판토그래프의 동적 상호작용 시뮬레이션 방법에 대한 국제 규정인 EN 50318에 의하여 검증하였다. 해석 모델의 개발을 통하여 개발 중인 고속철도의 집전성능을 평가할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.191-197
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• 2013

방사선과 의사들은 CT 및 MRI 스캐너로부터 얻어진 인체의 단면 영상을 연속적으로 보고 실제 3차원적으로 인체가 어떻게 구성되어 있는지를 상상하여 병변을 구별하는데, 의학영상을 이용한 인체 장기의 3차원 시각화는 2차원 형태의 인체 단면 영상들을 복잡한 알고리즘이나 고성능의 컴퓨팅 파워를 사용하여 실제 인체와 같이 3차원으로 재구성하여 보여준다. 단면 영상의 추적, 관심영역의 표시 및 추출등과 같은 2차원 영상분석은 시간이 많이 소모되고, 주관적일 수가 있으며, 수작업인 관계로 빈번한 에러가 발생하는 단점을 가지는데, 이와 같은 2차원 의료 영상 분석의 단점을 보완하기 위해 의학영상처리 기술과 접목한 3차원 의료 영상의 시각화는 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 명암값 임계치 방법, 영역확장(region growing) 방법, 윤곽선(contour) 추출 방법 및 변형모델(deformable model) 방법을 사용하여 인체의 각 장기를 분리하였으며, 텍스쳐분석(texture analysis)을 통하여 고안된 특징자를 이용하여 암 부분을 인식하는데 사용하였고, 원근투영(perspective projection) 및 볼륨 데이터의 표면을 렌더링하기 위해 마칭큐브(marching cube) 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 인체 및 분리된 장기에 대한 3차원 시각화는 방사선치료계획(radiation treatment planning), 외과 수술계획, 모의수술, 중재적(interventional)시술 및 영상유도수술(image guided surgery)에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다.