• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2005

Children are in mixed dentition during 6 years after 3 years old. this time is very important for sound permanent dentition. There are many factors of influence to tooth eruption stage ; adjacent teeth, tooth resorption, early loss or retention of deciduous tooth, local lesion, lip and tongue, masticatory muscles, ect. These factors should be in balance, if not, relation of adjacent teeth is changed, then severe malocclusion is occurred maybe. These cases revealed influences of resin bonded metal splint on occlusal surface of children's molar to mixed dentition. Splints interfere with falling off of deciduous tooth, tooth eruption, normal occlusion formation, and development of mixed dentition and occlusion. Therefore we removed the metal splint from teeth, follow-up checked occlusion and tooth eruption.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 2012

Infraocclusion is defined as tooth whose relative occlusal movement was blocked during the period of active eruption due to ankylosis and so on. Then infraoccluded tooth remains under the occlusal plane composed by adjacent structures showing normal eruption patterns. Untreated infraocclusion may cause: prolonged retention of infraoccluded teeth; extrusion of apposed teeth; destruction of periodontal tissues by occlusal force and food packing; increased sensitivity for dental caries; and disturbances on eruption pathway of succedaneous teeth. Therefore, periodic check-ups and proper treatments are required. There are many treatment options on infraoccluded deciduous molars such as periodic observation, conservative method, restoration and space regaining with extraction of the teeth. The choice of treatment may depend on the presence of succedaneous teeth, time of diagnosis and degree of infraocclusion. In this case report, three patients showing displacement of the second premolars due to infraocclusion of upper second primary molars, were treated by means of space regaining with removable orthodontic appliances and extraction of ankylosed primary molars. All malpositioned permanent premolars in the 3 cases showed ordinary eruption pathways after treatment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.281-287
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• 2009

An eruption failure can be observed for child and adolescent periods when the primary dentition is changed to the permanent dentition through the mixed dentition frequently. The eruption failure can lead to miss erupting times of the tooth, then it will cause a lot of problems including root resorption, esthetic problem, transposition of adjacent tooth, malocclusoin and etc. Especially, the maxillary first molar is importantly concerned with occlusion and growth and is an essential tooth for development and maintenance of occlusion. So, it is a momentous part of more proper occlusal management to find these abnormal cases at the early stage and solve the problems. The sorts of eruption failures of the maxillary first molars can be divided into delayed eruption, impaction and the primary retention and the secondary retention. When physical obstacles cause impaction, first of all they must be removed then we can treat the impaction with observation after removal, surgical exposure or orthodontic traction. If the source of impaction is an ectopic eruption, the treatment can be a brasswire, a pendulum appliance, a space maintainer or space regainer after the extraction of the second deciduous tooth and etc. These cases are made a diagnosis of eruption failures of the maxillary first molars in mixed dentition period and have good prognosises after my treatments. So I reported them.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

Complex odontomas consist of a conglomerate mass of enamel, dentin and cementum which bears no anatomic resemblance to a tooth. The majority of these lesions are completely asymptomatic, being discovered on routine radiographic examination or when films are taken to determine the reason for tooth eruption failure. Compound odontomas seldom cause bony expansion, but complex odontomas often cause slight or even marked bony expansion. Complex odontomas are mostly associated with permanent teeth and very rarely associated with deciduous teeth. They are usually located in the first-or second-molar areas of the mandible. This report presents a case of a patient with impaction of a maxillary primary canine by a complex odontoma in which surgical excision of the lesion was performed. And the primary canine was repositioned right under gingival level for spontaneous erution. Follow-up after six months showed spontaneous eruption ofthe repositioned maxillary primarycanine.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.533-538
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• 1998

[ $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ ] osteomyelitis is a chronic form of osteomyelitis in which periosteum is thickened with peripheral reactive bone formation. Carl $Garr{\grave{e}}$ first reported localized periosteal thickening as a response to mild stimuli. In dental literatures, Pell et al. first reported $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis in jaws. This disease frequent occurs in youngsters and usually in mandible. It usually results in hard swelling over the jaws with little or no pain. Palpation reveals a localized bony swelling lesion. In radiographic findings, it usually reveals laminated periosteal thickening on lesion. The treatment of $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis usually consists of elimination of the sources of infection, i.e., either extraction of an infected teeth or root canal therapy. Two children were admitted with the chief complaint of intraoral swelling on lower deciduous molar areas which was diagnosed as $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis. The root canal therapy and antibiotic therapy were performed and prognosis was checked. From these case studies, some results were obtained as follows : With the aid of root canal therapy and antibiotic administration, the size of periapical lesions was reduced, the mandible with bony swelling recovered its normal shapes radiographically, and the permanent tooth germs resumed sound development.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 2011

When many factors involved in the eruption of the teeth act as negative effects, they can cause eruption disturbance. Periodic observation, space acquirement, surgical exposure, orthodontic traction, orthodontic traction accompanied with surgical exposure, and surgical repositioning are considered as the treatment options of an impacted tooth, which is a form of eruption disturbance. In the first case, a male patient, age 9, visited Yonsei University Dental Hospital (YUDH) with a chief complaint of ectopic impaction of the upper left lateral incisor. We extracted the upper left primary lateral incisor and primary canine, and 5 months later, a window opening procedure was executed. Eight months later, the upper left lateral incisor partially erupted, and 18 months after the extraction, the axis of the tooth improved and the tooth erupted spontaneously. In the second case, a male patient, age 10, visited YUDH with a chief complaint of ectopic impaction of the upper right first premolar. We extracted the upper right first primary molar. Ten months later, the upper right first premolar erupted partially, and 19 months after the extraction, the upper right first premolar erupted spontaneously. We reported two cases in which improvement of eruption path and spontaneous eruption of an ectopic impacted tooth was achieved by extracting the deciduous tooth which interfered with the proper eruption of it.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.446-454
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• 2017

Recently, there have been many studies on bulk-fill resin composites. However, studies on the proper materials for pediatric patients are rare. The aim of this study was to compare the cavity wall adaptation of bulk-fill resin composites with conventional resin composite in class II cavities of primary molars using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Standardized class II slot cavities were prepared in 80 exfoliated primary molars and randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group was restored with conventional resin composite, Filtek Z-350 XT (FZ), and the three groups were restored with bulk-fill resin composites, Filtek bulk-fill posterior (FB), Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNC), Filtek bulk-fill flowable (FBF). All specimens were thermocycled and then immersed in 50% silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) solution. Micro-CT was used to measure the penetration volume of the total silver nitrate and the degree of cervical marginal leakage and the number, size, and position of the voids were evaluated. The results revealed that the volume of silver nitrate were significantly different between FB and FZ (p < 0.05). The results also revealed that the penetration length of silver nitrate FBF showed statistically lower than the FZ and FB (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in number and size of voids. In conventional resin composite, most of the voids were present inside the restoration (83.3%), but the voids in the bulk-fill resin composites incidence were higher in the gingivoaxial angle. The cavity wall adaptation demonstrated in class II restorations of primary molar by new bulk fill resin composites was similar to conventional incremental technique. Bulk-fill resin composites might be an clinical option for a faster restoration in deciduous teeth.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2006

Purpose : To find the cause of root curvature by use of panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiograph. Materials and Methods : Twenty six 1st graders whose mandibular 1st molars .just emerged into the mouth were selected. Panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiograph were taken at grade 1 and 6, longitudinally. In cephalometric radio graph, mandibular plane angle, ramus-occlusal plane angle, gonial angle, and gonion-gnathion distance (Go-Gn distance) were measured. In panoramic radio graph, elongated root length and root angle were measured by means of digital subtraction radiography. Occlusal plane-tooth axis angle was measured, too. Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the relationships between root curvature and elongated length and longitudinal variations of all variables. Multiple regression equation using related variables was computed. Results : The Pearson correlation coefficient between curved angle and longitudinal variations of occlusal plane-tooth axis angle and ramus-occlusal plane angle was 0.350 and 0.401, respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between elongated root length and longitudinal variations of all variables. The resulting regression equation was $Y=10.209+0.208X_1+0.745X_2$ (Y: root angle, $X_1$: variation of occlusal plane-tooth axis angle, $X_2$: variation of ramus-occlusal plane angle). Conclusion : It was suspected that the reasons of root curvature were change of tooth axis caused by contact with 2nd deciduous tooth and amount of mesial and superior movement related to change of occlusal plane.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.306-313
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• 2014

Impacted teeth are teeth with a delayed eruption time or that are expected to erupt incompletely. Those teeth can cause a series of potential problems such as root displacement and resorption, periodontal problems in adjacent teeth, referred pain and the formation of cysts and odontogenic tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics and treatment of child and adolescent patients younger than 15 years of age that were diagnosed with an impacted tooth who visited the Chosun University Dental Hospital. The impacted tooth, its etiology, treatment and traction period were surveyed through electric medical records, radiographs in 335 patients. We excluded the impacted third molar, supernumerary and deciduous teeth from this study. The most frequently impacted teeth are upper canine, followed by the upper incisor. The most common etiologies of impaction were an abnormal eruption pathway and localized pathologic lesions. The treatment of an impacted tooth was mostly orthodontic traction. The traction period was relatively short in cases with distinct obstacles, with an impacted upper incisor and if patients were younger. An orthodontic traction is considered to be more unfavorable if the patient gets older. Therefore, an early diagnosis and a precise treatment plan through a regular check-ups are mandatory.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.256-261
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• 2005

Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology, but known as a kind of auto-immune disease. It is most common in women especially in $30{\sim}50$ years, and very rare in childhood. It can be classified into two main classes : localized scleroderma & systemic sclerosis. Localized type has better prognosis, and usually involves skin only, or in some cases, the muscle below, except inner organs. Systemic type involves skin, oral mucosa and major internal organs. Involving facial skin, we can see small and sharp nose, expressionless stare and narrow oral aperture. Usually they have Raynaud's phenomenon, and in progress, show mouth opening limitation and sclerosis of tongue and gingiva. It is called CREST syndrome showing calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangioectasia. Treatment of scleroderma is systemic and localized steroid therapy, use of collagen-link inhibitor (D-penicillamine), immune depressor and etc. Mouth opening limitation can be improved by mouth stretching exercise. We report a 6 years old boy, diagnosed with localized scleroderma who had mouth opening limitation. We could get additional mouth opening, and have done successful restorative treatment of mandibular and maxillary 1st and 2nd deciduous molar under deep sedation with nitrous oxide and enflurane.