• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.468-472
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• 2015

Background : Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Mill.) is a deciduous shrub belonging to the Solanaceae. The leaves are used as an alternative raw material replacing dried fruits associated with high production costs in many industires. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the leaves used in the manufacture of functional products. Methods and Results : The leaves of Chinese matrimony vine were harvested when the plant height reached 60 - 70 cm in the spring and treated at four different temperatures ($40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$). The time to reach the desiccation state of 20% was 63 h at $40^{\circ}C$, 37 h at $50^{\circ}C$, 17 h at $60^{\circ}C$ and 11 h at $70^{\circ}C$. The drying rate per hour was 1.28% at $40^{\circ}C$, 2.25% at $50^{\circ}C$, 4.94% at $60^{\circ}C$ and 7.60% at $70^{\circ}C$. No significant difference were observed in ash, crude fat, polyphenol or rutin content of treated samples. Crude protein and betaine content decreased with higher dry temperatures. Nitrogen free extract of the treated samples increased with higher drying temperatures. Conclusions : Taking into consideration drying time, drying rate, color value, energy consumption and functional ingredients is advantageous to dry the leaves of the Chinese matrimony vine at $60^{\circ}C$ using a hot air agricultural dryer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

The present study elucidated the growth properties of Sasa borealis communities distributed in the lower layer of deciduous broadleaf forests in temperate zones and analyzed the correlation between the growth properties of S. borealis and positional environmental factors. The higher the culm height of S. borealis was, the higher the values of the leaf number, leaf area, and foliage layer thickness became. This might be because as the culm height of S. borealis increased, the acquisition of light sources became easier so that the biomass of leaves increased simultaneously for smooth anabolism. S. borealis seem to change their growth mode for smooth acquisition of light resources. The culm density of S. borealis and the leaf number, leaf area and foliage layer thickness of S. borealis did not show any clear correlation. The values of the culm height, leaf number, leaf area, and foliage layer thickness of S. borealis as the above altitude of the location of S. borealis increased. It seems like that growth conditions such as temperatures and winds are deteriorated as the above altitude of the location of S. borealis increased so that S. borealis becomes smaller. No clear correlations were shown between the physiochemical properties of soil and S. borealis' growth properties. It seems like that the growth of S. borealis complexly intertwined with diverse environmental factors and that due to the physiological integration of S. borealis, certain physiochemical properties do not unilaterally affect S. borealis' growth properties.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2010

It has been well established that leaf longevity is linked to the carbon economy of plants. We used this relationship to predict leaf lifetime carbon gains from leaf lifespan, and estimated the gross primary production (GPP) of a young deciduous forest of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) located in central Japan. The light-saturated photosynthetic rates of the leaves were measured repeatedly during the growing season. We used the leaf lifespan to calculate the conversion coefficient from the light-saturated photosynthetic rate into the realized leaf lifetime carbon gain under field conditions. The leaf turnover rate was estimated using litter traps. GPP was estimated as the product of lifetime carbon gain per unit of leaf mass, and the annual leaf turnover rate. The GPP of the forest in 2007 was estimated to be $1.2{\times}10^3gCm^{-2}y^{-1}$, which was within the range of previously reported GPP values of beech forests in Japan, and was close to the GPP of a European beech forest, as estimated by eddy flux measurements.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1599-1605
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• 2011

To evaluate heat environment surrounding plants diurnal change of leaf temperature in the broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen trees was measured with microclimatic environmental factors including global solar radiation, and upward and downward long wave radiation. Maximum daily solar radiation was 961.2 and 976.3 w/$m^2$ in August 9 and 23, respectively. Upward long wave radiation was slightly higher than downward long wave radiation, showing 404.2 w/$m^2$ in August 9 and 394.5 w/$m^2$ in August 23. In addition, daily maximum vapor pressure deficit was 5.42 and 6.84 kPa in August 9 and 23, respectively, indicating high evaporative demand. Quercus glauca and Acer mono was differently responded to changing light regimes. On August 9, leaf temperature at the top-positioned leaves of Acer plants was higher than air temperature as well as those of Quercus plants in the morning. This indicates that stomata in Acer plants were closed by heat stress or water stress in the morning, while Quercus plant maintained active transpiration by opening stomata. These results indicated that improved light regimes such as gap opening in the closed forest may not always affect positively in the physiology of understory plants.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.338-340
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• 2021

Morus alba, known as White Mulberry, is one of the most common species of mulberry found in South Korea, along with M. australis, known as Korean Mulberry. During a routine survey to investigate fungal diseases on deciduous broad-leaved trees in 2020, leaf spots were consistently observed on the White Mulberry in Sejong-si (36°30'12.8"N 127°17'34.5"E) and Wonju-si (37°15'29.6"N 128°11'37.9"E), South Korea, with a disease incidence of approximately 70 to 80%. Symptoms included circular, tan or necrotic lesions surrounded by a dark margin on leaves, which, in some cases, the lesions coalesced to form relatively large necrotic regions. The pathogen was successfully isolated from M. alba, and was identified as Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides based on the phylogenetic analysis and morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease on M. alba caused by C. pseudocladosporioides in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2001

The diversity of acid-tolerant epiphytic bacterial communities on deciduous oak tree (Quercus dentate Thunb.) leaves was examined both in the natural forest area with a clean air and in the industrial estate to assess effects of acidic depositions to the phyllosphere using 16S rDNA sequence data. A total of 444 acid-tolerant epiphytic bacterial clones were obtained, resulting in 17 phylotypes by performing a analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for PCR-amplified 16S rDNA products. A very low diversity of dominating acid tolerant bacterial communities in both areas was found, just 2 subphyla groups, $\gamma$-Proteobacteria and low-G+C gram-positive bacteria. As tree leaves grow older, diversities of acid-tolerant bacteria on them significantly increased. The community structure of acid-tolerant epiphytic bacteria consisted of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae groups in the $\gamma$-Proteobacteria subphylum, and Streptococcaceae and Staphylococcus groups in the low-G+C gram-positive bacteria subphylum. The direct influence of acidic depositions on bacterial phylogenetic composition could not be detected especially when higher taxonomic levels such as subphylum, but at narrower or finer levels it could be observed by a detection of Xanthomonadales group belonged to the $\gamma$-Proteobacteria only in the industrial area and of Acetobacteraceae group belonged to the $\alpha$-Proteobacteria. There remains that these specific acid-tolerant epiphytic bacterial groups could be used as indicators for assessing effects of acidic depositions on the phyllosphere.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.407-410
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• 1992

Changes in the concentrations of six low-molecular-weight organic acids extracted from hydrolysates of plant residues undergoing decomposition for 90 days under the laboratory condition were investigated. 1. Litters of deciduous and coniferous trees and wild grass cuttings were sampled for the study and concentrations of formic, acetic, succinic, tartaric, malic and citric acids were determined. The concentration of malic acid were negligible. 2. In the wild grass cuttings, the total concentration of low-molecular-weight organic acids decreased with the passage of decomposition. Monocarboxylic acids, I. e., formic and acetic acids, predominated over dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids. Formic and acetic acids appeared to be compensatory for each other. Concentration of citric acid increased at a remarkable rate. 3. The total concentration of organic acids in the hydrolysates of deciduous litter was shown to increase. The concentration of monocarboxylic acids was significantly higher in the end of the period of decomposition. Here again a compensatory relationship was observed between concentrations of formic and acetic acids. 4. There was comparatively little change exhibited during the period of experiment concerning the concentrations of organic acids from hydrolysates of decomposing coniferous litter. In contrast with the others, however, the concentration of succinic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, maintained the highest level.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 1994

To investigate the relationship between leaf growth of several woody plants and ait tempera ture in early growing season (from April to June) in deciduous forests, I surveyed the changes of leaf area (LA), leaf weight (LW) and specific leaf area (SLA) of 19 specles, in two areas Namhansansung (NA) and Taegwallyong (TA) area in which that the latitudes are similer ($37^{\circ}28'N$ at NA and $37^{\circ}27'N$ an TA), but annual mean-temperatures were different ($11.8^{\circ}C\;in\;NA, \;6.3^{\circ}C$ in TA) for two years, 1991 and 1992. In the same species, the plants of NA began to grow 10-25 days earlier than those of TA, but the latter grew faster than the former. On 10 June the values of LA and LW per leaf were similar in the two areas but the maximum values of SLA were higher in NA. In the same plant, the values of LA and LW were constant year by year, except for PYIOLUS leveilleana, Quercus mongolica, Symplocos chznensis for. pilosa and S t y a r ubussiu. In N A , the leaves be gan to grow during the first ten days of April, and eariler in 1992 than in 1991, and daily mean temperature (DMT) of the former from 27 March to 6 April were higher than those of thc latter. But the LA increased faster in 1991 than in 1992. and DMT from 10 April to 16 April were higher in 1991 than in 1992.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.149-160
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• 1995

We investigated the seasonal changes flower color of 163 deciduous woody landscape plants in the Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The results were as follows; 1. By the month of anthesis of woody landscape plants, only one plant of Hamamelis japonica flowered in February, 15 species in March, 48 species in April, 63 species in May, 23 species in June, 12 species in July, and one plant of Hydrangea paniculata was flowered in August. 2. The flowering period was about 220 days from February 24, 1992 that Hamamelis japonica was anthesis to October 5, 1992 when Hydrangea paniculata was deblossomed. 3. By the flowering period of woody landscape plants, 81 species continued for 11 days through 20 days, and Rosa spp., 118 days, Hibiscus syriacus 'Yungkwang', 80 days, Largerstroemia indica, 65 days, and 6 species continued for 41 through 60 days, 10 species were 31 through 40 days, 43 species were 21 through 30 days, and 20 species were for less than 11 days. 4. The woody landscape plants flowering before leaf spreading, Hamamelis japonica, Abeliophyllum distichum, Prunus mume 'Hwahyangmi', Prunus mume 'Baekkaha', Lindera obtusiloba, Cornus officinalis, Prunus armeniaca. The others were plants with leaves spreading white flowering; Forsythia ovata 'Tetra gold', Forsythia ovata, Corylus hetrophylla, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Magnolia denudata, Forsythia koreana 'Seoul Gold', Forsythia koreana, Magnolia stellata, Acer negundo 'Elegans', Magnolia kobus, Forsythia viridissima 'Bronxensis', Prunus yedoensis, Prunus leveilleana var. pendula, Prunus persica for. albiplena, Prunus tomentosa, Prunus persia, Magnolia liliflora, Prunus glandulosa for. sinensis, Cercis chinensis, Poncirus trifoliata. 5. In terms of flower color based on KBS standard color number, 83 species were white, 44 species wer red, 21 species were yellow, 12 species were violet, and 3 species were green. 6. In terms of the flower color by month. Hamamelis japonica was yellow February. Flower colors in March were : yellow-7 species, red-3 species and white-5 species. Flower colors in April were : White-21 species, red-19 species and yellow-6 species. Flower colors in May were : White-36 species, red-16 species. The white flowers in June were 16 species. Flower colors in July were : white-4 species, red-4 species. 7. The white flower color of woody landscape plants of trees was 35 species. The red flower color was 18 species, yellow flower color was 5 species, violet flower color was 2 species, and green flower color was 3 species. Also the white flower color of woody landscape plants of shrubs was 48 species, red flower color was 25 species, yellow flower color was 17 species and violet flower color was 10 species. 8. The new 'Cultivars' of woody landscape plants are needed to introduced the development of planting design. 9. Present data of illustrated books of plants should be checked by new data that was studied in this research.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2013

Objective : Eucommiae Cortex is bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, a deciduous tree native to China. Today, teas or herbal drugs made from E. ulmoides leaves are widely consumed as a healthy food especially in Eastern Asia including Japan, China and Korea. This study was aimed to verify the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Eucommiae Cortex depending on characteristics of decoction water. Method : Six types of decoction water with various origin were prepared and the contents of minerals in water were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The contents of extracted bioactive compounds were analyzed by HPLC and the relationship between mineral contents and extracted bioactive compounds in the decoction water were analysed by multiple factor analysis. The decoction waters could be classified in three groups by hierarchical cluster analysis. Result : Extracted amounts of compounds in Eucommiae Cortex showed a positive relationship with Na, Si, K concentration in decoction water, while a negative relationship with Ca, Mg concentration. Conclusion : The study proved that the minerals in water influenced the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Eucommiae Cortex.