• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.235-251
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• 2004

This article is a review on the Korean geographers' China studies. There were severe limits to make China study in Korea during the Cold War Period. Since 1992, the fear of Korea-China establishment of diplomatic relation Korean geographers' China studies have been increased substantially Until December 2003, 89 articles were published on the journals related to geographical study, and 9 Ph.D. dissertations were submitted to graduate school departments of geography or geography education in Korea. This is an evidence of the rapid development of China study in Korean geographical society. Early 1990s, geographers of Yanbian university located in northeast China played an important role in the development of research. After the period, Korean domestic geographers' studies have also increased. There has been a distinct progress in the fields of economic and urban geography. However, the development of theory, diversification of themes, and professional study in the macro-regional scale could be proposed as the tasks of future research.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.383-392
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive study was to gain basic data to develop a self-care protocol for the lymphedema patients. Method: The subjects of this study consisted of 115 patients with lymphedema from 8 hospitals and two community health and welfare centers in Busan and Seoul. The data was collected with questionnaire by self reporting of patients between March 2001 and December 2001. Data was analyzed by mean and percentage. Result: For self-care activities in daily life, compliance of 'use skin care preparations', 'use heat and cold', 'protect from local compression on affected limbs', 'protect from insect biting', 'use aids to protect affected limbs', 'take diuretics and take protein diet' did not reach to 50%. For self-care activities related to complex physical therapy, 28.7% of subjects complied with compression garment, 14.8% with manual lymph drainage, and 13.0% with exercise. 20.0% of subjects tried to treat with acupuncture and 13.9% with heat therapy. Conclusion: From this study, it is suggested that patients need to get a self-care education with correct information about self care activities and health care professionals need to develop more convenience self-care techniques of massage and exercise.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.442-450
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• 2015

Climate temperature affects animal production. This study was conducted to evaluate whether climatic conditions affect beef carcass characteristics of Korean cattle steers. The monthly carcass characteristics of Korean cattle steers (n = 2,182,415) for 8 yr (2006 through 2013) were collected from the Korean Institute for Animal Products Quality Evaluation. Daily climate temperature (CT) and relative humidity (RH) data were collected from the Korean Meteorological Administration. Weather conditions in South Korea during summer were hot and humid, with a maximum temperature of $28.4^{\circ}C$ and a maximum RH of 91.4%. The temperature-humidity index (THI), calculated based on CT and RH, ranges from 73 to 80 during summer. Winter in South Korea was cold, with a minimum temperature of $-4.0^{\circ}C$ and a wind-chill temperature of $-6.2^{\circ}C$. Both marbling score (MS) and quality grade (QG) of Korean cattle steer carcasses were generally best (p<0.05) in autumn and worst in spring. A correlation analysis showed that MS and QG frequencies were not associated (p>0.05) with CT. Yield grade (YG) of Korean cattle steer carcasses was lowest (p<0.05) in winter (November to January) and highest in spring and summer (May to September). A correlation analysis revealed that YG frequency was strongly correlated ($r{\geq}0.71$; p<0.01) with CT and THI values. The rib eye area, a positive YG parameter, was not associated with CT. Backfat thickness (BT), a negative YG factor, was highest in winter (November and December). The BT was strongly negatively correlated ($r{\leq}-0.74$; p<0.01) with CTs. Therefore, the poor YG during winter is likely due in part to the high BT. In conclusion, YG in Korean cattle steer carcasses was worst in winter. QGs were not associated with winter or summer climatic conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.397-408
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• 2006

Due to the temporal and spatial variability of the warming at and near the Antarctic Peninsular, it is required to better understand local climate at the issued region. The purpose of the study are to characterize surface radiation, air temperature and wind direction and investigate their relations at the King Sejong Station near the Antarctic Peninsular during last three and half years. While the study site was a weak radiative energy sink (positive net radiation) with annual mean of 15-20 Wm-2, it played a role as a strong sink in summer (December to January) with mean of 85 Wm-2, a magnitude that was significantly larger than those at other surface covered with snow or ice in Antarctica. Monthly averaged air temperature ranged from -7.7-2.8oC and the variations of monthly averaged air temperature showed the distinct differences with year. Northwesterly, westerly and easterly were dominant and the variability of air temperature could be explained by the variability of the frequency of wind direction with cold easterly and warm northwesterly/northerly to some degree, which in turn influenced radiation budget through albedo in summer.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2010

Purpose: During Postpartum period many women complain multiple pain, cold hypersensitivity, hot flush, sweating and so on. We call the postpartum disease as San Hu Pung. We studied DITI Characters of women suffering from Postpartum disease. Methods: We studied 74 postpartum women visiting OOhospital from February 2006 to December 2009. The subjects were categorized in two groups, symptom group and no symptom group. We measured the temperatures of abdomen, upper and lower limb and back. We studied the difference of DITI between two groups by Student T-test using SPSS for windows(version 17.0). Results: The general characteristics were not different statistically. Temperatures of abdomen and back of two groups were not different statistically. Temperatures of both LR3 of symptom group were statistically higher than no symptom group. The difference of both PC8 and LU4, both LR3 and ST32 of symptom group were statistically higher than no symptom group. Conclusion: The results suggest that women suffering from Postpartum disease shows high temperatures on hand and foot. It seems that postpartum disease patients tend to have blood deficiency. DITI can be useful to diagnose San Hu Pung. More studies to diagnose San Hu Pung would be needed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.32-35
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• 1993

During the period from September 1989 through December 1992, 118 cases of coronary arterial bypass graft were performed at Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Asan Medical Center. Twenty-one of these had history of recent or remote percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. They consisted of 13 males[age,58.7 + 5.4 years] and 8 females[age, 63.6 + 2.8years] with the mean age of 60.6. History of old myocardial infarction was noted in 24%[5/21] of the patients and congestive heart failure in 2 cases. The angina by type of presentation is unstable in all of the patients. The patterns of involvement of coronary arterial disease were left main disease[1], single vessel disease[5], double vessel involvement[10], and triple vessel involvement[5]. We performed 4 cases of single bypasses, 7 cases of double, 8 cases of triple, and 2 cases of quadruple bypasses. Total of 51 grafts[LIMA:12, RSVG:39] were inserted in 21 cases with average of 2.4 grafts per patient. The methods of myocardial protection were cold blood cardioplegia[8 cases], intermittent aortic occlusion[11], and continuous coronary perfusion with local coronary sharing[2]. There were no operative or late death. The only cardiac complication was 1 case of low cardiac output required IABP. The other complications were 1 case of sternal wound infection and 1 case of postoperative bleeding required reoperation. And there was no case of perioperative myocardial infarction. Postoperatively, 3 cases of recurrent angina were detected at 5, 7, and 18months after surgery. One of them was managed successfully with repeat PTCA[who was recurred 18 months postoperatively], and the other two with medication. I conclude that we can approach the patients more aggressively with PTCA, because of our acceptable operative risks.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop an instrument to measure coping in emergency situations. Methods: The process included construction of a conceptual framework, generation 60 primary items, verification of construct validity and extraction of final items. The.60 preliminary items were reviewed for content validity by seven experts and were tested to evaluate inter-item correlation coefficient by three groups of elementary school students. From November 1 to December 10, 2008, data were collected from 920 elementary school students according to residential characters (major city, small town, rural area). Item analysis, factor analysis with rotation Varimax and Cronbach's alpha were used to analyze the data. Results: 1) There were 45 items in the final instrument categorized into 8 factors. 2) The factors were labeled as "Call for help and check" (8 items), "Care for common symptoms" (6 items), "Appropriate response for the situation" (5 items), "Evacuation" (6 items), "Care for tissue damage" (8 items), "Care for injury by heat, cold or foreign body" (6 items), "Offer help" (4 items) and "Rescue & escape" (2 items). 3) Cumulative percent of variance was 53.10% and eigen values ranged from 1.04 to 13.38. 4) Cronbach's alpha for the total was .943 and ranged from .527 to .869. Conclusion: Validity and reliability of the scale are confirmed in this study showing its utility for measuring coping in emergency situations with elementary school students. Utilization of the scale will also contribute to designing appropriate coping education programs for elementary school students.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the self- efficacy, group cohesion and family support on adherence of aquatic exercise in arthritis patients. Method : The Subjects were 30 patients with arthritis who had participated in the 6-week aquatic exercise programs of Korean Rheumatology Health Professionals Society. All subjects were interviewed from November to December, 2001(1st) and Feburary, 2002(2nd) using a structured questionnaire which was composed of 42 items. SPSS Win 10.0 was used for data analysis. Results : Ten out of thirty were adherer who were keeping aquatic exercise for three months since they completed 6-week aquatic exercise program. The major reasons of adherence were affectional reasons and general condition improvement on the first month. The reasons of 3-month adherence were improvement of arthritis symptoms, affectional improvement, expectations, general condition improvement and group activity. The major reasons of drop out were environment factors and physical factors. The environmental reason were time shortage, economic problem and long distance. And the physical factor were cold, pain and other health problem. The scores of self-efficacy were decreased from 528.00 to 476.00 within 3 months after compeleting aquatic exercise program and that was statistically significant(p=.029). But there were no statistically differences in group cohesion and family support. There was a significant positive correlation between exercise adherence and self-efficacy. Factors influencing the exercise adherence was self-efficacy which accounted for 23% of the variance in the exercise adherence. Conclusion : In conclusion, self-efficacy is a significant variable in the exercise adherence and changes within 3 month after completing aquatic exercise program. The results of this study suggested that the strategy for maintaining self-efficacy should be developed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.732-739
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• 2011

Marine algal flora and community structure were examined at four sites at Tongyeong, Korea, from February to December 2009. Eighty-two algal species were identified, including 10 green, 25 brown, and 47 red algae. During the study period, the number of species was highest at the Dukpo (61 species) site followed by the Gajodo (60 species), Yepo (58 species), and Chilchundo (53 species) sites. Seaweed biomass ranged from 578.11 to 678.26 g, with the maximum and minimum at Chilchundo and Yepo, respectively. Dominant species in term of biomass were Sargassum thunbergii at Yepo, Dukpo, and Gajodo and Gelidium amansii at Chilchundo. The vertical distribution from the high to low intertidal zone was Sargassum thunbergii and Chondria crassicaulis; Sargassum thunbergii and Ulva linza; Ulva pertusa, Sargassum fulvellum, and Gelidium amansii. Two groups clearly segregated in a cluster analysis, a Yepo/Dukpo group (group A) and a Gajodo/Chilchundo (B), indicating relatively strong differences in similarity. The seaweed community structure of group A was characterized by higher biomass and higher species richness of brown algae than were observed in group B. Additionally, the biomass ratio and the species richness of green algae was lower in group A. These differences in seaweed community structure may have been resulted from the effects of cold effluents.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 2008

Hwangtae, dried Alaska pollack, is a major storage product in the fish processing industry. Hwangtae is prepared by removing the internal organs and drying outdoors during the cold witner months by allowing it to thaw during the daytime and re-freeze at night under sub-zero ($-10^{\circ}C$) conditions and gradually dry from December until the next April for around 5 months from Myungtae. In this study, ground Hwangtae was hydrolyzed using two proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and alcalase) which produced five soluble active peptides from Hwangtae (yellowish dried Pollack, Theragra chalcogramma) protein. Two different peptides with strong antioxidative activity were isolated from the hydrolysate using consecutive chromatographic methods of Sephadex G-25 gel, ion-exchange chromatography on a Sepharose-Sephadex C-25 gel, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated peptides, APO1 and APO2, were composed of 16 and 13 amino acid residues, respectively. Both peptides contained a Gly residue at the C-terminus and the repeating motif Gly-Pro-Hyp. The peptide with a molecular weight less than 1,000 Daltons (APACE) obtained from enzymatic hydrolysates of Hwangtae exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity. The APACE peptides was composed of 4 amino acid residues (Gly-Leu-Leu-Pro). These results suggest that Hwangtae hydrolysates could be a good source of peptides with ACE inhibitory activity. Biochemical analysis indicated that two 70 kDa peptides (APG1 and APG2) isolated from the hydrolysate had gelatinoytic activity, which was shown to be a calcium dependent protease type as showed by gelatin SDS PAGE.