• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국막학회 1998년도 제6회 하계 Workshop (98 한국막학회, 국립환경연구원 국제 Workshop, 수자원 보전과 막분리 공정)
• /
• pp.95-112
• /
• 1998

Water quality in the public water course has been polluted more seriously than ever before due to the increase of the number and aremount of pollution sources such as domestic and industrial wastewater. For water quality conservation, the Korean government has been trying to construct sewage treatment facilities continually, of which treatment capacity reached to 11,452,400m$^{3}$/day in 1996. Night soil treatment facilites of m nationwide have the treatment capacity of 24,038m$^{3}$/day. But water quality has not been improved because the sewer systems were insufficient and the treatment efficiencies of sewage were not high, enough. For renovation of water quality, miscellaneous domestic wastewater must be treated because 27g BOD/day out of total 40g BOD/person-day come from miscellaneous wastewater, comparing to 13g BOD/day from night soil. However, sole treatment purifier treat only night soil from the flushing toilet. Therefore, it may be desirable to treat the miscellaneous domestic wastewater and the night soil from flushing toilet together by joint treatment purifier system as on-site domestic wastewater treatment technology. In Korea, the joint treatment purifier system, introduced in 1997, have the benefit as follows; i) good water poiluion control effect, ii ) good effect on river water flow, iii) water pollution control with sewage treatment facility, and iv) rapid pollution control effect, etc. In order to achieve a good effect as stated before, i ) strengthening effluent guideline including BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus, ii ) specializing operation to maintain high performance, and iii) supporting its construction and maintenance costs by the governmental level may be necessary: In addition, automation system of joint treatment purifier, technology for its package and compactness, and a new bio-media bio-filter with higher capacity should be further developed in agreement with a more stringent effluent guideline.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.112-119
• /
• 2012

한국 동해안 영일만 쇄파대에 서식하는 두 종의 곤쟁이, Archaeomysis kokuboi와 Acanthomysis nakazatoi의 성장 단계에 따른 주야 및 조석간의 분포에 관해 조사하였다. 곤쟁이의 채집은 썰매형 채집망을 이용하여 3 지점, 즉 수심 1 m의 해수 표층과 해저 모래 표면, 물가장자리에서 2시간 간격으로 24시간 동안 이루어졌다. Archaeomysis kokuboi의 유체는 주야간 모두 출현개체수가 없거나 매우 적어 주야간의 차이를 알 수 없었다. A. kokuboi의 미성숙개체는 해수표층에서 야간의 밀도가 주간보다 유의적으로 더 높았으나, 다른 곳에서는 주야간 밀도 차이가 없었다. A. kokuboi 성체, 특히 숫컷에서는 바닥에서 주간의 밀도가 야간보다 유의적으로 더 높았으며, 해수표층에서는 주야간 모두 전혀 출현하지 않았다. 그에 비해서 Acanthomysis nakazatoi의 경우, 유체는 모든 정점에서 주야간에 유의적인 밀도 차이가 없었으나, 바닥에서 가장 높은 밀도로 분포하였다. A. nakazatoi의 미성숙단계에서도 모든 곳에서 주야간에 유의적인 밀도 차이가 없었으며, 해수표층에는 전혀 출현하지 않았다. A. nakazatoi의 성체, 특히 암컷에서는 바닥에서 야간의 밀도가 주간보다 유의적으로 높았고, 다른 장소에서는 주야간 밀도 차이가 없었다. 두 종 곤쟁이의 밀물과 썰물 간의 밀도 차이는 A. kokuboi의 미성숙개체를 제외하고는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. A. kokuboi의 미성숙개체, 특히 숫컷은 해수표층에서 썰물 때의 밀도가 밀물 때보다 유의적으로 높았다. 쇄파대 모래해변에서 두 종의 주야간 분포는 종간에는 물론이고 종내의 성장단계에 따라서도 약간의 차이가 있었으며, 밀도변화는 주로 주야간에 의해 일어나고 조석의 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또 쇄파대에서 A. nakazatoi의 개체수 밀도는 주야간 모두 A. kokuboi보다 훨씬 더 높았으며, 유체단계부터 성체에 이르기까지 높은 밀도로 주로 모래바닥에 서식하였다. 이러한 결과는 A. nakazatoi는 유체단계부터 모래 저층으로의 잠입능력이 A. kokuboi보다 더 뛰어나며 동해안 쇄파대에서 매우 잘 적응한 곤쟁이라는 것을 의미한다.

• 산경연구논집
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2017

Purpose - The objective of the current research is to explore success factors of the 'Night Markets' in Korea. Unlike other countries, where the markets are culturally established based upon various socioeconomic factors, the night markets are relatively new phenomena in Korea and are created by the government's support. Since the first introduction in 2011, now there are 34 Night Markets that are operating or are in the process of operation. Some of them attract nearly 100,000 customers a day, while some are discontinued shortly after the introduction due to lack of visitors. Its influence on the customers' behavioral motives of engaging in various activities in the night markets is increasing. However, because of its brief history in Korea, not much of research has cast attention on them. It is imperative to figure out the success factors of the night markets, so that other night markets can learn the secret of successful operation of the markets. Research design, data, and methodology - The research is based upon both qualitative and quantitative data. Data are collected from multiples levels of the night market related parties. Four groups are chosen: customers, night market sellers, sellers' union and government officers who are in charge of the market. Conventional survey formats are employed for customers and night market sellers. For night market union and government officers, survey and in-depth focus group interview methods are applied. Of the night markets in operation, commonalities of successful or well established ones are elaborated. Results - Night Market operation success factor are sought utilizing Porter's The Competitive Advantage of Nations model (1990). Results are shown that successful night markets commonly have satisfactory 'Factor Conditions.' Specifically, established night markets have either nearby big cities or tourist attractions in common. While these have fair 'Firm Strategy/structure/rivalry,' and 'Related and supporting industries,' they commonly demonstrate weakness in 'Demand conditions.' Conclusions - A successful night market incurs new customers not only to the market itself but also to the traditional periodical market the night markets are within. Government support to the night market can be justified where the circulation of new customer to the night market and the night market to the periodical market mechanism is in effective.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.243-251
• /
• 2015

근권부 공기순환 덕트 냉방이 온도 및 생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 고온기 파프리카((Capsicumannum.L. 'Veyron')을 코이어배지에서 수경재배하였다. 냉방시간처리는 24시간 연속 가동한 연속냉방(All-day), 17시부터 다음날 1시까지 8시간 냉방한 야간냉방(Night), 대조구인 냉방 무처리(Control) 등 3 처리하여 온실 상 하부 온도, 근권온도, 엽온, 과실 특성 및 기관 분배율을 측정하였다. 근권부 덕트 냉방하였을 때, 고온기(6월 ~8월) 온실하부(바닥으로부터 40cm)와 상부(바닥으로부터 180cm) 온도, 근권온도는 하강되었다. 대조구와 비교하여 온실하부/상부 온도 차이가 연속냉방에서는 $4.4{\sim}5.1^{\circ}C/2.1{\sim}3.1^{\circ}C$ 하강을, 야간냉방 처리에서는 $3.4{\sim}3.8^{\circ}C/2.2{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$ 하강되었다. 근권온도는 온실 하부 온도 결과와 유사했으며, 연속냉방($22.8^{\circ}C$)> 야간 냉방($24.1^{\circ}C$) > 대조구($27.7^{\circ}C$) 순으로 온도가 낮았다. 연속냉방 처리에서 덕트 위치(통로, 베드하단)와 송풍 방향($45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$)에 따른 온도 변화를 측정한 결과 덕트의 위치가 통로에 위치하고 송풍방향이 상향($45^{\circ}$) 또는 수평($180^{\circ}$)인 처리는 지상부 100cm까지의 수직 위치에 따른 온도 차이가 크지 않지 않으면서, 근권부위 온도인 지상 50cm 온도가 낮은 특징을 보였고 베드와 베드 공간 사이로 덕트 송풍 방향이 직각($90^{\circ}$)이였을 때는 바닥과 지상 50cm 부위의 온도가 높고, 지상 100cm 이상 200cm 부위 온도가 상대적으로 낮았다. 연속냉방 또는 야간냉방 처리했을 때 파프리카 엽온은 오후 7시가 오전 9시 보다 엽온 하강이 컸다. 과실 분배율은 대조구(24.4%)에 비해 연속냉방(48.6%)과 야간냉방(45.6%)에서 높았으며, 평균과중, 과수 및 수량도 연속냉방 처리에서 가장 높았다. 한편 야간냉방 처리에서도 고온기 평균 지상부 및 근권온도를 낮추었으나, 누적된 평균온도가 가장 낮은 연속냉방처리에서 과실로의 동화산물 분배율을 높여 파프리카 수량을 증가시킨 것으로 보인다.

• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.77-97
• /
• 1994

The circadian system represents a temporal order which is mediated by the mutual coupling of oscillators and by the synchronizing effects of zeitgebers. It is known that well-being of man depends partly on the maintenance of this order, and that repeated or long lasting disturbances to it such as shift work will Cause harmful effects. This study was a quasi-experimental study to test the effect of shift directions for the clinical nurses on the circadian rhythm. Fourteen nurses working at the general units of Y hospital were selected according to the established criteria. Fourteen subjects were assigned to a weekly shift but the directions of shift work were phase delay first and then phase advance or vice versa. Oral temperature, total sleeping time, frequency of sleep-wake cycle, fatigue, mental performance, and physical symptom were measured during these days except holidays. The data collection period was from April 26, 1993 to July 3, 1993. MANOVA and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Having worked on evening and night shifts in either phase delay or phase advance schedules, temperature rhythms of shift workers were gradually adapted to the new sleep-wake cycles. A complete adaptation to work on the night shift was achieved the sixth day of the night shift in the phase delay schedule compared to the partial adaptation to the work on the night shift in the phase advance schedule. Accordingly, by putting evening shift between day and night shifts, it will be possible for circadian rhythm to adapt easily to the night shift. 2. There were differences in the total sleeping time, frequency of steep-wake cycle, fatigue, and physical symptom except for mental performance between night shift and day, evening shift. This indicates further that shift workers working on the night shift have a hard time adapting to the shift work compared to the other shifts. 3. Evaluating all the acrophases of temperature rhythm either in phase delay or phase ad-vance schedules, it was shown that night to evening shift in the phase ad-vance schedule revealed the smallest phase move. Also phase advance schedule showed poorer adaptation to shift work than phase delay schedule in connection with total sleeping time, frequency of sleep-wake cycle, fatigue, mental performance, and physical symptom. It is suggested, taken together, these findings reflect that phase delay schedule facilitated the degree of adjustment to the shift work compared to the phase advance schedule.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.182-189
• /
• 2004

Objectives : The objective of this study is to compare the circadian patterns of heart rate variability assessed by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings during day shift and night shift among the workers in the 5 days-concecutive-12-hour shift in an automobile factory in Korea. Methods : The study population consisted 300 workers, who were randomly selected among the 8700 total workers in one car factory. To analyse circadian variation, the 24-hour ECG recordings (Marquette) were measured during day shift (08:00-20:00 h) and night shift (20:00-08:00 h). Analysis was performed for all time and frequency domain measures of HRV. 233 workers completed taking 24-hour ECG recordings. Results : This study shows that the 24 hourcircadian variation mainly follows work/sleep cycle rather than day/night cycle among shift workers. This study also shows that among the night shift, the circadian variation between work and sleep cycle decreased compared to the work/sleep cycle among day shift workers. All time and frequency domain parameters (except LF/HF ratio) show significantly different between work and sleep in the day shift and night shift. Conclusion : These changes in heart rate variability circadian rhythms reflect significant reductions in cardiac parasympathetic activity with the most marked reduction in normal vagal activity among the shift workers. Especially, it suggests the circadian rhytm has blunted among the night workers. The quantification of the circadian variation in HRV can be a surrogates of workers' potential health risk, as well as suggests possible mechanisms through which the shift works compromise workers' health.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.179-185
• /
• 2001

To investigate daily variations of water mass distribution in the west and the east parts of Jeju Island, we implemented observations from June 20 to 22, 1997. (The results are as follows : Temperatures in the east and the west were similar in the surface, but $15.02^{\circ}C$ and $13.8^{\circ}C$ in the bottom, respectively.) In the east and west, the surface and the deep salinities are 33.81, 33.34 and 34.33, 34.11 respectively. The east shows higher temperature and salinity than the west. The distributions of nitrate in the east and the west were very similar in the surface regions.(In the deep regions, however, the east shows higher than the west.) The east shows higher phosphates than the west both in surface and deep regions. The silicate had similar distributions to nitrate. Chlorophyll-a of the west was twice higher than that of the east. The daily variations of temperature and salinity were largest at 30m depth, and pH was not much changed in the depth and the pH in day was higher than that at night. The variations of nutrients were much changed in the depth, and nitrate and phosphate at night were higher than those in day. Daily variations of silicate, however, was not much changed in the observation times. Ratio of N/P in the east and the west were 13 and 16, respectively, so that the west was higher than the east. However the ratios were two times higher both in the east and the west in day, when planktons are more active than at night. Si/P ratio showed little different between day and night and between surface and deep regions. The correlation of nitrogen and phosphorus was high (plus relation), and the correlation of AOU, nitrogen and phosphorus was high(plus relation) in the east, however, not high in the west.

• 한국보건간호학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.253-264
• /
• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the activities of daily living of the elderly in day and night care facilities and the nursing needs of the elderly and caregivers. Methods: The subjects of this study were 90 elderly people and their caregivers, who lived in B and G cities used day and night care facilities. The collected data were analyzed using frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: Caregivers have a higher awareness of nursing needs than the elderly. Both the elderly and their caregivers had the highest informational nursing requirements. There was a positive correlation between the activities of daily living of the elderly and physical nursing needs of caregivers, and there was also a positive correlation among the nursing needs in each area. Conclusion: These results suggest that day and night care facilities should provide customized nursing services by assessing the activities of daily living of the elderly and the nursing needs of the elderly and caregivers by area before establishing a nursing plan. This will enable them to provide effective nursing services for elderly people. In addition, we propose research to develop a nursing information program for the elderly and caregivers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.74-83
• /
• 1994

To investigate the sleeping patterns and gastrointestinal disorders of shift workers, the author studied 434 female workers who worked at textile industry ill Taejon city from September 1,1992 to September 31,1992. Shift pattern were divided into 3 categories ; 3 shift(shifts per 8 hours), 2 shift(day and night shift) and day work. The results obtained were as follows : 1 The average sleeping hours when adjusted for the education level of the total study subjects was 6.1 hours. That of 3 shift workers was 6.1 hours, 2 shift workers was 6.0 hours, but that of day workers was 6.5 hours. There were no significant difference among the shift workers. 2. For the 3 shift workers, the average physiologic adjusted duration in day shift (2.2 days) was shorter than that of night shift(2.7 days) and there were significant difference among the rotating shift works (p<0.001). The sleeping problems in day shift was less than those of night shift (p<0.001). 3. 44.9% of 3 shift workers, 39.3% of 2 shift workers and 33.1% of day workers complained gastrointestinal symptoms when adjusted for the age, education level, job tenure, work post. And the rates of gastrointestinal symptoms complained increase with job tenures (p<0.001). 4. The most frequent gastrointestinal diseases were gastitis and gastric ulcer with 14.2% , Irritable bowel syndrome with 3.1 %, duodenitis and duodenal ulcer with 2.1% and combined gastrointestinal disease with 2.1%. Age, eating habit, amount of coffee per day, job tenure, work post and shift pattern showed no significant difference with the gastrointestinal diseases when adjusted for the age. According to the above results, the author suggested that the shift pattern and job tenure can affect to the sleeping problem and gastrointestinal symptoms.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2008

A test was conducted using two high density discharge lamps, the H2D and the structurally new H4D. They were tested for luminous illumination and luminous temperature in the day and night time. The test was conducted without crippling the performance of the H2D by adding a magnetic actuator, enabling it to move left to right, and up and down. By making these modifications we constructed a sample of the H4D. We compared the H2D and the H4D sample's luminous illumination and luminous temperature by using a photometer and a digital thermometer in the day and night time. We discovered that the H2D and H4D performed similarly from the data we gathered. Now we know the H4D has potential use and extensive research needs to be made to gather more detailed data.