• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.53-77
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• 2015

Korea has witnessed an increasing number of domestic patent applications, but a majority of them are not utilized to their maximum potential but end up becoming obsolete. According to the 2012 National Congress' Inspection of Administration, about 73% of patents possessed by universities and public-funded research institutions failed to lead to creating social values, but remain latent. One of the main problem of this issue is that patent creators such as individual researcher, university, or research institution lack abilities to commercialize their patents into viable businesses with those enterprises that are in need of them. Also, for enterprises side, it is hard to find the appropriate patents by searching keywords on all such occasions. This system proposes a patent recommendation system that can identify and recommend intellectual rights appropriate to users' interested fields among a rapidly accumulating number of patent assets in a more easy and efficient manner. The proposed system extracts core contents and technology sectors from the existing pool of patents, and combines it with secondary social knowledge, which derives from tags information created by users, in order to find the best patents recommended for users. That is to say, in an early stage where there is no accumulated tag information, the recommendation is done by utilizing content characteristics, which are identified through an analysis of key words contained in such parameters as 'Title of Invention' and 'Claim' among the various patent attributes. In order to do this, the suggested system extracts only nouns from patents and assigns a weight to each noun according to the importance of it in all patents by performing TF-IDF analysis. After that, it finds patents which have similar weights with preferred patents by a user. In this paper, this similarity is called a "Domain Similarity". Next, the suggested system extract technology sector's characteristics from patent document by analyzing the international technology classification code (International Patent Classification, IPC). Every patents have more than one IPC, and each user can attach more than one tag to the patents they like. Thus, each user has a set of IPC codes included in tagged patents. The suggested system manages this IPC set to analyze technology preference of each user and find the well-fitted patents for them. In order to do this, the suggeted system calcuates a 'Technology_Similarity' between a set of IPC codes and IPC codes contained in all other patents. After that, when the tag information of multiple users are accumulated, the system expands the recommendations in consideration of other users' social tag information relating to the patent that is tagged by a concerned user. The similarity between tag information of perferred 'patents by user and other patents are called a 'Social Simialrity' in this paper. Lastly, a 'Total Similarity' are calculated by adding these three differenent similarites and patents having the highest 'Total Similarity' are recommended to each user. The suggested system are applied to a total of 1,638 korean patents obtained from the Korea Industrial Property Rights Information Service (KIPRIS) run by the Korea Intellectual Property Office. However, since this original dataset does not include tag information, we create virtual tag information and utilized this to construct the semi-virtual dataset. The proposed recommendation algorithm was implemented with JAVA, a computer programming language, and a prototype graphic user interface was also designed for this study. As the proposed system did not have dependent variables and uses virtual data, it is impossible to verify the recommendation system with a statistical method. Therefore, the study uses a scenario test method to verify the operational feasibility and recommendation effectiveness of the system. The results of this study are expected to improve the possibility of matching promising patents with the best suitable businesses. It is assumed that users' experiential knowledge can be accumulated, managed, and utilized in the As-Is patent system, which currently only manages standardized patent information.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.124-134
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• 1995

It is the most important to select optimal culture conditions to promote safe embryo growth in the technique of human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. It has been shown that the addition of biologic fluids, such as blood serum, of various origins, improved fertilization and early cleavage rates in numerous species. The purpose of this study is to attempt to measure developmental potential of mouse eggs fertilized and cleaved in Ham's F10 culture medium containing a chelating agent, EDTA and fetal cord serum. In this study, we selected 40 female mice and 20 male mice, and investigated optimal serum concentrations for mouse embryo growth. Two cell stage mouse embryos were cultured in Ham's F-10 medium, Ham's F-10 medium with various concentrations of EDTA, or Ham's F-10 medium with EDTA and 10% human cord serum. Developmental ratios to morula in Ham's F-10 medium containing various concentrations of EDTA and/or 10% fetal cord serum were significantly higher than in unsupplemented Ham's F-10 medium (p<0.05). Developmental ratios to blastocyst in Ham's F-10 containing 10% fetal cord serum and $50{\mu}M$ or $100{\mu}M$ EDTA were significanltly higher than in unsupplemented Ham's F-10 medium (p<0.05). Developmental ratios to morula in Ham's F-10 containing 10% fetal cord serum and $100{\mu}M$ EDTA were significanltly higher than in Ham's F-10 with 10% fetal cord serum used commonly in many human IVF centers(p<0.05). Developmental ratio to blastocyst in Ham's F-10 containing 10% fetal cord serum and $100{\mu}M$ EDTA was significanlty higher than in Ham's F-10 with $200{\mu}M$ EDTA(P<0.05). In summary, embryo development to morula and blastocyst was significanlty higher in the presence of human cord serum or EDTA than in the unsupplemented medium. The most significanly development to morula and blastocyst was obtained at Ham's F-10 medium with $100{\mu}M$ concentration of EDTA and 10% fetal cord serum. These results suggest that Ham's F-10 medium containing 10% fetal cord serum and optimal concentrations of EDTA significantly promoted early cleavage of mouse zygotes, and these will be useful as basic data for the selection of culture medium in human in vitro fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• no.36
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• pp.55-80
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• 2008

Research on the welfare state or income inequality has been concerned with variations in inequality between societies or families. These studies tend to view the family as a unit of shared interests where incomes are pooled and distributed equally. This study makes a theoretical and empirical case for why it is important to look at economic dependency within the family in comparative welfare state research. Using the Luxembourg Income Study data this study examined married women's dependency on their husbands' earnings in 16 western industrialized countries. The constructed measure for married women's level of economic dependency followed the procedure of Sørensen & McLanahan(1987), which stated : "her dependency is measured by the extent to which a woman's standard of living(as determined by her share of income) is derived from a transfer from her husband." The finding suggested that married women's economic dependence was lowest in Scandinavian countries. On the contrary, in Southern Europe countries most married women were dependent on husbands' earnings. In Netherlands, Austria, Germany where the share of part-time work among married women was high, married women's economic dependence was also high. This showed the women's labor force participation did not mean that the majority of couples were equal with respect to earnings, nor that a major shift in the sexual division of labour has taken place. This paper analysed the causal relationship between the married women's economic independence and the welfare state by using Ragin(2000)'s Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. This analysis considered the various conditions of the welfare state : namely, left power, union mobilization density, women's mobilization, public service sector employment and generous support on the family. The result showed that powerful union, high level of women's mobilization and the generous support on the family were necessary conditions for 'relatively high' level of married women's economic independence.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1185-1194
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• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle inventory) DB for lettuce production system in protected cultivation. The results of data collection for establishing LCI DB showed that the amount of fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production was the highest. The amounts of organic and chemical fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production were 7.85E-01 kg and 4.42E-02 kg, respectively. Both inputs of fertilizer and energy accounted for the largest share. The amount of field emission for $CO_2$, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ for 1 kg lettuce production was 3.23E-02 kg. The result of LCI analysis focused on GHG (Greenhouse gas) showed that the emission value to produce 1 kg of lettuce was 8.65E-01 kg $CO_2$. The emission values of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ to produce 1 kg of lettuce were 8.59E-03 kg $CH_4$ and 2.90E-04 kg $N_2O$, respectively. Fertilizer production process contributed most to GHG emission. Whereas, the amount of emitted nitrous oxide was the most during lettuce cropping stage due to nitrogen fertilization. When GHG was calculated in $CO_2$-equivalents, the carbon footprint from GHG was 1.14E-+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$. Here, $CO_2$ accounted for 76% of the total GHG emissions from lettuce production system. Methane and nitrous oxide held 16%, 8% of it, respectively. The results of LCIA (Life Cycle Impact assessment) showed that GWP (Global Warming Potential) and POCP (Photochemical Ozon Creation Potential) were 1.14E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 9.45E-05 kg $C_2H_4$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Fertilizer production is the greatest contributor to the environmental impact, followed by energy production and agricultural material production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.892-897
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• 2010

LCA (Life Cycle assessment) was carried out to estimate on carbon footprint and to establish of LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of sweetpotato production system. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of organic fertilizer was value of 3.26E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ and it of mineral fertilizer was 1.02E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ for sweetpotato production. It was the highest value among input for sweetpotato production. And direct field emission was 2.47E-02 kg $kg^{-1}$ during sweetpotato cropping. The result of LCI analysis focussed on greenhouse gas (GHG) was showed that carbon footprint was 4.05E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ sweetpotato. Especially $CO_2$ for 71% of the GHG emission and the value was 2.88E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ sweetpotato. Of the GHG emission $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were estimated to be 18% and 11%, respectively. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production (32%) and sweetpotato cultivation (28%) for sweetpotato production system. $N_2O$ emitted from sweetpotato cultivation for 90% of the GHG emission. With LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) for sweetpotato production system, it was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 90% of GWP (global warming potential). Characterization value of GWP and POCP were 4.05E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 5.08E-05 kg $C_2H_4$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.898-903
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• 2010

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of soybean production system. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of organic fertilizer was value of 3.10E+00 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean and it of mineral fertilizer was 4.57E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean for soybean cultivation. It was the highest value among input for soybean production. And direct field emission was 1.48E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean during soybean cropping. The result of LCI analysis focussed on greenhouse gas (GHG) was showed that carbon footprint was 3.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq $kg^{-1}$ soybean. Especially $CO_2$ for 71% of the GHG emission. Also of the GHG emission $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were estimated to be 18% and 11%, respectively. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production (92%) and soybean cultivation (7%) for soybean production system. $N_2O$ was emitted from soybean cropping for 67% of the GHG emission. In $CO_2$-eq. value, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ were 2.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ soybean and 3.50E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ soybean, respectively. With LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) for soybean production system, it was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 90% of GWP (global warming potential). Characterization value of GWP was 3.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq $kg^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_2
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• pp.1295-1305
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• 2021

Satellite-derived ocean color products are required to effectively monitor clear open ocean and coastal water regions for various research fields. For this purpose, accurate correction of atmospheric effect is essential. Currently, the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)-II ground segment uses the reanalysis of meteorological fields such as European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) or National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to correct gas absorption by water vapor and ozone. In this process, uncertainties may occur due to the low spatiotemporal resolution of the meteorological data. In this study, we develop water vapor absorption correction model for the GK-2 combined GOCI-II atmospheric correction using Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) total precipitable water (TPW) information through radiative transfer model simulations. Also, we investigate the impact of the developed model on GOCI products. Overall, the errors with and without water vapor absorption correction in the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance at 620 nm and 680 nm are only 1.3% and 0.27%, indicating that there is no significant effect by the water vapor absorption model. However, the GK-2A combined water vapor absorption model has the large impacts at the 709 nm channel, as revealing error of 6 to 15% depending on the solar zenith angle and the TPW. We also found more significant impacts of the GK-2 combined water vapor absorption model on Rayleigh-corrected reflectance at all GOCI-II spectral bands. The errors generated from the TOA reflectance is greatly amplified, showing a large error of 1.46~4.98, 7.53~19.53, 0.25~0.64, 14.74~40.5, 8.2~18.56, 5.7~11.9% for from 620 nm to 865 nm, repectively, depending on the SZA. This study emphasizes the water vapor correction model can affect the accuracy and stability of ocean color products, and implies that the accuracy of GOCI-II ocean color products can be improved through fusion with GK-2A/AMI.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.374-382
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• 2021

In the present study, we analyzed the decay rate and nutrient dynamics during leaf litter decomposition of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii in Gongju for 60 months, from 2014 to 2019. P. thunbergii leaf litter decomposed faster than that of P. densiflora. The decay constant of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii leaf litter after 60 months was 3.02 and 3.59, respectively. The initial C/N ratio of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii leaf litter were 14.4 and 14.5, respectively. After 60 months, C/N ratio of decomposing P. densiflora and P. thunbergii leaf litter decreased to 2.26 and 3.0, respectively. The initial C/P ratio of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii leaf litter were 144.1 and 111.3. After 60 months elapsed, the C/P ratio of decomposing P. densiflora and P. thunbergii leaf litter decreased to 40.1 and 45.8, respectively. After 60 months, the percentage of the remaining N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in decomposing P. densiflora leaf litter was 231.08, 130.13, 35.68, 48.58, and 36.03%, respectively. After 60 months, the percentage of the remaining N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in decomposing P. thunbergii leaf litter was 143.91, 74.02, 28.59, 45.08, and 44.99%, respectively. The findings of the present study provide an insight into the forest ecosystem function of coniferous forests through the analysis of the amount of nutrient transfer into the soil through a long-term decomposition process; this information is intended to be used as basic data for preparing counter measures for future climate and ecosystem changes.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.17
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• pp.247-292
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• 2008

Investigations have been started to set the modern history and national spirit to rights after Commissions were established. Those Commissions are established and operated with time limit to finish its own missions. They creates three kinds of records as acquired materials which acquired or are donated for investigation; investigation records as investigation reports; and administrative records that created while supporting organization's operation. The Commissions use more past records to do special tasks asnation's slate clean and uncovering the truth than other agencies. In other words, the commissions take the most advantages of well-managed records, however, their record management environment and operation systems are relatively loose than other permanent machineries. It has three reasons that; first, there is no record management regulations and criteria for machineries that have time limit. This affected each commissions 'systems and 6 Truth Commissions' record management systems are built separately and on the different level; Second, members lack responsibility from frequent sending, reinstatement, change, and restructuring and that makes troubles to produce and manage records; Third, central archives pay less attention to machineries that operated limited period as the truth commissions. The Commissions rather need more systematic control because its records have historical value. To solve these problems, record management regulations have to be prepared first with features of organizations running limited time and commissions' records as acquired materials or investigation records. Furthermore, building up standard record management system for the Commissions, standardizing transfer data, imposing professional record personnel, and setting limits frequent personnel changes would finish practical problems. Besides, those records created to reveal the truth should use for education and research because Truth Commissions are established to set unfortunate history right and not to repeat it again. The records would serve as steppingstone for establishment of the Truth Record Center that does education, information work, publication, and research with the records. The record center would help using the records efficiently and improving knowledge for its people. And, the center should devote people to recognize importance of the records.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate spatial variations in rice production areas by simulating rice growth and yield with CERES-Rice growth model under GCM $2{\times}CO_2$ climate change scenarios. A modified window version(v4.0) of CERES-Rice was used to simulate the growth and development of three varieties, representing early, medium, and late maturity classes. Simulated growth and yield data of the three cultivars under the climate for 1971 to 2000 was set as a reference. Compared with the current normal(1971 to 2000), heading period from transplanting to heading date decreased by 7~8 days for the climate in $2^{\circ}C$ increase over normal, and 16~18 days for the climate in UKMO with all maturity classes, while change of ripening period from heading to harvesting date was different with maturity classes. That is, physical maturity was shortened by 1~3 days for early maturity class and 14~18 days for late maturity class under different climate change scenarios. Rice yield was in general reduced by 4.5%, 8.2%, 9.9%, and 14.9% under the climate in $2^{\circ}C$, $3^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, and about $5^{\circ}C$ increase, respectively. The yield reduction was due to increased high temperature-induced spikelet sterility and decreased growth period. The results show that predicted climate changes are expected to bring negative effects in rice production in Korea. So, it is required for introduction of new agricultural technologies to adapt to climate change, which are, for example, developing new cultivars, alternations of planting dates and management practices, and introducing irrigation systems, etc.