• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.75-92
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• 2009

The development of the method for flood runoff analysis representing Korean mountain basins have been one of big concerns for Korean hydrologists for several decades. Several traditional methods dealing with unit hydrograph have been restricted to be used in Korea basins, because of its drawbacks due to its originality from other countries and the uncertainties of control parameters as well as its linearity assumption between rainfall and runoff relationship. In this paper, several geomorphological similarity relationships for Korean mountain basins was developed by using the experimental data over 40 Korean basins. Then those were applied directly to geomorphological unit hydrograph theory to meet Korean geomorphological unit hydrograph. The developed method was applied to Andong Dam basin. The results show the applicability and simplicity of the developed Korean geomorphological unit hydrograph generally for Korean mountain basins in future. It might be needed for more validations and applications of this method over Korean regions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1977

The purpose of this study are to analyze economic and psychological factors associated with the forest protection of the mountain people, and to explain the forms of the forest management by ownership classes, especially with forest in the production structure of the mountain villages, particulary from Aprial 1st to 20th in 1975. And the basis of the data for this study is to have been obtained by the sample of 462 households, in Jeonbuk province, which were selected by the method of Yandom sampling. In order to determine what relations there are between the forest ownership classes are independent and each of the selected economic and psychological factors, the chi-squre test was used. The findings may be summarized as follows; 1. The area per household forest land of the mountain villages farm families with forest was 1.4ha and are middle classes with the cultivated area, and manage their forest in favor of the forest fuel and the byproducts, which we call "Earn Ownership Management Form". As it is acomplished by the agricultural surplus labor, we can't expect the positive forest investments. 2. The expectation of the proceeds of forest investments seems to be high but 30% of them doubtful. And the mountain villages farm families with above 3ha forest area expect their forest investments to be positive and in future they have hope in the economic management from. 3. The mountainous mountain fram families reply to a small sums of capital and the control of after the fact on account of the negative factors of forest investment. But rural mountain villages farm famillies assist on spending too much money for the control and nexious insects damage. 4. The reason about illegal cut away was mainly their fuels problem and then most of moumtain farm villages was used to forest fuel in their fuel. But 57% of mountainous mountain villages farm families not having forest area, and 66% of them get their fual on the self-supply, and 66.9% of them get from public and nationat forest and other's forest. That is one of the big problems of the forest protection. 5. Above 66% of mountain people think that forest law is severe and 50% of mountainous mountain villages farm families think if usual. Especially ones not having forest area but taking advantage of forest among them think so. 6. Rural mountain villages farm families have comparatively positive attitude for protecting forest, but mountainous mountain villages farm families negative. Classes with above 3ha forest area have more outlook of forest protection. And the more such classes are, the better they can protect forest. 7. There are problem about operation and education of the forest law on the mountainous mountain villages farm families.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.967-973
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• 2006

In this study used tank model and specific discharge to calculate low-flow of mountain basin and supply data that need in water resources plan. Low-flow is calculated byspecific discharge and area ratio method as resulted that calculate storage of low-flow by tank model was construed that showd all similar aspect. In judged to help in water resources plan establishment calculating low-flow using model to supplement uncertainty of observed data in that calculate of low-flow ungaged mountain area. It shows by economical and realistic plan until 12 years after development that run parallel and use economic performance analysis result valley flow and groundwater. But wide area water services and Chungju dam since 12 years onward was expose that is economic.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.78-86
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• 2018

In this paper, a VR-based cyber hiking system was designed to provide virtual reality for famous mountains that can offer the real senses and feelings of hiking in supporting environmental factors of actual mountains such as the temperature, air, sound, echoes, etc., of the mountain the user wants to climb. The VR-based cyber hiking system that reflects real-time site conditions is largely consisted of the data collection module that collects data from the live site, multiple drive modules that enables the user to feel real senses using data from the sites, and sensor module to detect the stimuli provided by the drive modules and the user's physical body transition. Unlike existing VR-based hiking systems, the proposed cyber hiking system not only provides simple virtual reality for the wanted mountain, but can also provide the natural conditions of real mountains and implement the uphill and downhill of hiking routes. In particular, it has the effect of providing fun and game elements to users by excluding unnecessary conditions and risks that may arise in actual hiking and instead supporting augmented realities such as squirrels on actual hiking paths. In addition, in providing users with the changes in their body before and after hiking, it is expected to be effective in providing diverse feedback such as the height, gradient, and speed of mountain hiking.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

Purpose: Mountain biking as a sport and recreational activity has grown rapidly over the previous two decades. The purpose of this study is to analyze differences of leisure satisfaction by demographic characteristics of mountain bike participants. Research design, data, and methodology: To accomplish the purpose, the study employed purposive sample method among nonprobability sampling and collected data from 300 participants. Of collected data, 288 responses were analyzed excepted for uncompleted responses. To analyze data, study utilized statistical techniques including descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, independent-sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA, and to verify difference between individual groups in relation to significant results, Duncan's multiple range was conducted. Results: Findings indicated no differences of leisure satisfaction by gender. Similarly, education level and occupations have not influence leisure satisfaction. Yet, differences of leisure satisfaction by participation frequencies were observed. Of participation frequencies, participants riding 5 times a week were more satisfied with MTB participation than the other groups participating less 3 times a week. Conclusions: The findings provide a couple of insights in terms of promoting MTB participation. In specific, results indicated that MTB would be attractive sports that is able to appeal huge populations regardless of their education and occupation. Furthermore, consistent participation is judged an effective way to increase psychological, educational, and social satisfaction. In this sense, regional MTB clubs could play a salient role in motivating riders to more participate in MTB. Hence, establishing strategies for encouraging club activities are needed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate relations and effectiveness about mountain climbling exercise with different level of support surfaces by analyzing heart rate and EMG data. A total of 10 male college students with no musculoskeltal disorder were recruited for this study. Method: The biomechanical analysis was performed using heart rate monitor (Polar V800, Polar Electro Oy, Finland), step-box, exercise mat, and EMG device (QEMG8, Laxtha Inc. Korea, sampling frequency = 1,024 Hz, gain = 1,000, input impedance > 1012 Ω, CMRR > 100 dB). In this research, step-box were used to create different surface levels on the upper body (flat surface, 10% of subject's height, 20% of subject's height, and 30% of subject's hight). Based on these different conditions, data was collected by performing mountain climbing exercise during 30 seconds. Subjects were given 5 minutes of break to prevent muscular fatigue after each exercise. For each dependent variable, a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted to find significant differences and Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed. Results: The results of this study showed that exercise intensity was reduced statistically as increased surface level on the upper body. Muscle activity of the upper rectus abdominis and biceps femoris for 30% of surface level was significantly higher than the corresponding values for flat surface. However, the opposite was found in the rectus femoris. In general, muscle activity of the lower rectus abdominis, erector spinae, external oblique abdominis, and gluteus maximus increased when surface level increased, but the differences were not significant. Conclusion: As a result, the increase in surface level of the body would change muscle activity of the upper body, indicating that different surface level of the upper body may cause significant effect on particular muscles to be more active during mountain climbing exercise. Based on results of this study, it is suggested to set up an appropriate surface level to target particular muscle to expect an effective training. It is also important to set adequate surface levels to create an effective training condition for preventing exercise injuries.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.659-668
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to propose a ventilation corridor management plan to improve the thermal environment for Busan Metropolitan City. To this end, the characteristics of hot and cool spots in Busan were identified by conducting spatial statistical analysis, and thermal image data from Landsat-7 satellites and major ventilation corridors were analyzed through WRF meteorological simulation. The results showed the areas requiring thermal environment improvement among hot spot areas were Busanjin-gu, Dongnae-gu, industrial areas in Yeonje-gu and Sasang-gu, and Busan Port piers in large-scale facilities. The main ventilation corridor was identified as Geumjeongsan Mountain-Baekyangsan Mountain-Gudeoksan Mountain Valley. Based on the results, the ventilation corridor management strategy is suggested as follows. Industrial facilities and the Busan Port area are factors that increase the air temperature and worsen the thermal environment of the surrounding area. Therefore, urban and architectural plans are required to reduce the facility's temperature and consider the ventilation corridor. Areas requiring ventilation corridor management were Mandeok-dong and Sajik-dong, and they should be managed to prevent further damage to the forests. Since large-scale, high-rise apartment complexes in areas adjacent to forests interfere with the flow of cold and fresh air generated by forests, the construction of high-rise apartment complexes near Geumjeongsan Mountain with the new redevelopment of Type 3 general residential area should be avoided. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for urban planning and environmental planning in response to climate change in Busan Metropolitan City.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.305-311
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• 1997

Dermaptera was investigated, examined and reviewed in taxonomy and for distribution in Youngnam region. Based on the data, the local species groups were measured to choose priority-conservation-area by taxonomic root weighting and distribution analysis at 232 geographical conservation units. Eleven species belonging to 4 families and 8 genera were recorded mounting up to 68.75% of species diversity known in Korea. Found remarkably were the rare and endangered Challia fletcheri Burr at Sobaek Mountain National Park, and unusually Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli) in Taegu, Euborellia pallipes (Shiraki) at Island Geoje and E. plebeja (Dohrn) at Hwanho near Pohang. The highest species diversity was found at the temple Huibang area at Sobaek Mountain National Park with 8 species, which was measured also as the primary priority-conservation-area with 83.41 % of accumulated taxonomic root weighting indices in percentage. Geoje and Hwanho both measured as 12.18% of accumulated taxonomic root weighting index in percentage and complimentary to Sobaek Mountain National Park but supporting 5 and 3 species, respectively. The priority goes to the geographical conservation unit supporting higher species richness between two geographical conservation units in comparison. By the rule, the second priority-conservation-area should be Geoje and the third Hwanho. It is, thus, demonstrated how 11 species can be all conserved by choosing 3 priority-conservation-areas out of 232 geographical conservation units to maintain maximum species in minimum areas.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2015

In this paper, we have compared some radio propagation models in order to verify the performance of W.C.Y LEE propagation model in mountain area. The four propagation models, which are Okumura-Hata, ITU-R P.525, Egli and W.C.Y. LEE, are analyzed by comparing the differences between measured values and propagation loss estimation values. And a correction method for W.C.Y LEE model is suggested to improve the performance of W.C.Y. LEE model with measured data in mountain area. Simulation results show that the estimation error using W.C.Y LEE model is the lowest among four propagation models. Also, the results show that the corrected W.C.Y LEE model with suggested method improves the performance of propagation loss estimation.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2010

Background and Objectives : LED(Light emitting diode) is recently introduced as a energy-saving light source in many area including agriculture and environment. In medical field it is known as bright and safe light source in surgical lighting including headlight. This study is aimed to test effectiveness and cost-saving of mountain-climbing headlight in comparison with xenon headlight. Materials and Methods : Internet market-available mountain-climbing headlight was compared with medical xenon headlight regarding heat generation after 30 minutes' usage, intensity of illumination and possible burn to the perioral skin. To get temperature data, 5 cases of tonsillectomy were done with the aid of LED headlight, while another 5 tonsillectomies were done using xenon headlight. Results : The temperatures of all light sources were below 45 degrees Celcius until finish of the surgery without burn or complications. No differences in operation time with both headlights. The maximal intensities of illumination were 24000 Lux for xenon, 20000 Lux for LED. Conclusion : Mountain-climbing headlight could be safe and helpful light source with low cost in simple oral surgery.